Towards zero energy communities: Increasing local and renewable energy utilization in buildings through shared energy generation and storage

Janne Hirvonen

Towards zero energy communities: Increasing local and renewable energy utilization in buildings through shared energy generation and storage

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Kohti nollaenergiayhteisöjä: Paikallisen ja uusiutuvan energian hyödyntämisen tehostaminen rakennuksissa käyttäen jaettua energian tuotantoa ja varastointia

Janne Hirvonen

Konetekniikan laitos

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Nettonollaenergiatalot (NZEB) ja lähes nollaenergiatalot (nZEB) ovat merkittävä tutkimuksen kohde Suomessa ja ulkomailla. Näiden rakennusten oletetaan kuluttavan minimaalisen määrän energiaa ja myös tuottavan omaa energiaansa käyttäen rakennuskohtaista uusiutuvaa energiaa. Aurinkoenergia on näissä rakennuksissa yleinen energiamuoto, johtuen sen helposta asennuksesta talojen katoille. Aurinkoenergian tuotanto on kuitenkin vaihtelevaa ja usein energian tuotanto ei osu yhteen kulutuksen kanssa. Toinen vaihtoehto on käyttää biomassaa pienen mittakaavan lämmön ja sähkön yhteistuotantoon (CHP). Tällöin tuotantoa voidaan hallita, mutta lämpöä ja sähköä harvoin tarvitaan juuri siinä suhteessa, kun oma voimala niitä tuottaa. Pienet energiajärjestelmät ovat usein myös vähemmän tehokkaita ja suhteellisesti kalliimpia kuin suuret järjestelmät. Yksittäisen rakennuksen kyky muuttaa kulutustaan tuotannon kanssa yhteensopivaksi on rajoitettu. Yhteisötason energiajärjestelmät kuitenkin mahdollistavat paikallisen energian käytön, mutta hyötyvät tasaisemmasta energiankulutusprofiilista, suhteellisesti matalammista investointikuluista sekä paremmasta hyötysuhteesta.Tämä väitöskirja näyttää, että yksittäisten talojen aurinkosähköjärjestelmät tarvitsevat Suomessa taloudellista tukea ollakseen kannattavia hankintoja. Lämmön varastointia ja kulutusjoustoa voidaan kuitenkin hyödyntää niiden taloudellisuuden parantamiseksi. Suuret aurinkoenergiajärjestelmät ovat yksikköhinnaltaan halvempia kuin pienet, mutta ylimitoitetut järjestelmät pahentavat kulutuksen ja tuotannon epätasapainoa ja estävät yksittäisen talon hyötymisen suuruuden ekonomiasta. Yhteisötasolla aurinkoenergia kuitenkin huomattiin kannattavaksi jopa ilman tukia. Käytettäessä säädeltävää CHP-tuotantoa, yhteiset säätöjärjestelmät havaittiin erittäin tärkeiksi, jotta energian jakamisesta saataisiin hyötyä. Yhteisömittakaava mahdollistaa lämmön kausivarastoinnin, joka on avainasemassa aurinkoenergian merkittävään hyödyntämiseen Suomessa. Nollaenergiataloista pitäisikin siirtyä kehittämään nollaenergiayhteisöjä, joissa hyödynnetään sekä hajautetun että keskitetyn energiajärjestelmän hyviä puolia.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Kohti nollaenergiayhteisöjä: Paikallisen ja uusiutuvan energian hyödyntämisen tehostaminen rakennuksissa käyttäen jaettua energian tuotantoa ja varastointia
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Sirén, Kai, Vastuuprofessori Hasan, Ala, Ohjaaja Kayo, Genku, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-60-7452-8
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-60-7451-1
Tila	Julkaistu - 2017
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Tohtorinväitöskirja (artikkeli)

Tutkimusalat

Nollaenergiayhteisöt
kulutuksen ja tuotannon tasapainotus
lämmön kausivarastointi
monitavoiteoptimointi

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7451-1Lisenssi: Määrittelemätön

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@phdthesis{dc3ed1c4775940cd8a266112833d2a79,

title = "Towards zero energy communities: Increasing local and renewable energy utilization in buildings through shared energy generation and storage",

abstract = "Net zero energy buildings (NZEB) and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) are a major subject of study in Finland and abroad. Such buildings are assumed to be both consuming minimal amounts of energy, as well as generating on-site energy through renewable energy technologies. Solar energy is often considered due to its easy installation on the roofs of houses. However, solar energy is intermittent and often the generation does not match with demand. Using biomass for small-scale generation of combined heat and power (CHP) is another option. With CHP, the output can be controlled, but heat and electricity are rarely needed in the exact ratio that they are generated. Often small-scale energy generation systems are less efficient and more expensive than larger systems. Individual buildings are also limited in how much they can adjust loads to match generation. Community energy systems allow the use of local energy, while benefiting from a more balanced load profile, lower investment costs and efficiency improvements. This thesis shows that roof-top solar electricity systems in Finland require financial support to be economical. However, thermal storage and demand response can be used to significantly alter the economics. While large solar energy systems are much cheaper by unit price, the energy matching problem is made worse by overcapacity and prevents individual buildings from completely benefiting from the economies of scale. Community-scale solar energy systems were found to be economical even without support payments. In case of controllable CHP, joint controls of equipment were found to be extremely important to gain the benefits of shared energy. Community-scale allowed the use of seasonal thermal storage, which is a key technology for achieving a high degree of utilization of solar energy in Finland. Instead of zero energy buildings, we should shift to developing zero energy communities, which can benefit from the best features of both distributed and centralized energy systems.",

keywords = "zero energy communities, renewable energy matching, seasonal thermal energy storage, multi-objective optimization, Nollaenergiayhteis{\"o}t, kulutuksen ja tuotannon tasapainotus, l{\"a}mm{\"o}n kausivarastointi, monitavoiteoptimointi, zero energy communities, renewable energy matching, seasonal thermal energy storage, multi-objective optimization",

author = "Janne Hirvonen",

year = "2017",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-60-7452-8",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "99",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - THES

T1 - Towards zero energy communities: Increasing local and renewable energy utilization in buildings through shared energy generation and storage

AU - Hirvonen, Janne

PY - 2017

Y1 - 2017

N2 - Net zero energy buildings (NZEB) and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) are a major subject of study in Finland and abroad. Such buildings are assumed to be both consuming minimal amounts of energy, as well as generating on-site energy through renewable energy technologies. Solar energy is often considered due to its easy installation on the roofs of houses. However, solar energy is intermittent and often the generation does not match with demand. Using biomass for small-scale generation of combined heat and power (CHP) is another option. With CHP, the output can be controlled, but heat and electricity are rarely needed in the exact ratio that they are generated. Often small-scale energy generation systems are less efficient and more expensive than larger systems. Individual buildings are also limited in how much they can adjust loads to match generation. Community energy systems allow the use of local energy, while benefiting from a more balanced load profile, lower investment costs and efficiency improvements. This thesis shows that roof-top solar electricity systems in Finland require financial support to be economical. However, thermal storage and demand response can be used to significantly alter the economics. While large solar energy systems are much cheaper by unit price, the energy matching problem is made worse by overcapacity and prevents individual buildings from completely benefiting from the economies of scale. Community-scale solar energy systems were found to be economical even without support payments. In case of controllable CHP, joint controls of equipment were found to be extremely important to gain the benefits of shared energy. Community-scale allowed the use of seasonal thermal storage, which is a key technology for achieving a high degree of utilization of solar energy in Finland. Instead of zero energy buildings, we should shift to developing zero energy communities, which can benefit from the best features of both distributed and centralized energy systems.

AB - Net zero energy buildings (NZEB) and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) are a major subject of study in Finland and abroad. Such buildings are assumed to be both consuming minimal amounts of energy, as well as generating on-site energy through renewable energy technologies. Solar energy is often considered due to its easy installation on the roofs of houses. However, solar energy is intermittent and often the generation does not match with demand. Using biomass for small-scale generation of combined heat and power (CHP) is another option. With CHP, the output can be controlled, but heat and electricity are rarely needed in the exact ratio that they are generated. Often small-scale energy generation systems are less efficient and more expensive than larger systems. Individual buildings are also limited in how much they can adjust loads to match generation. Community energy systems allow the use of local energy, while benefiting from a more balanced load profile, lower investment costs and efficiency improvements. This thesis shows that roof-top solar electricity systems in Finland require financial support to be economical. However, thermal storage and demand response can be used to significantly alter the economics. While large solar energy systems are much cheaper by unit price, the energy matching problem is made worse by overcapacity and prevents individual buildings from completely benefiting from the economies of scale. Community-scale solar energy systems were found to be economical even without support payments. In case of controllable CHP, joint controls of equipment were found to be extremely important to gain the benefits of shared energy. Community-scale allowed the use of seasonal thermal storage, which is a key technology for achieving a high degree of utilization of solar energy in Finland. Instead of zero energy buildings, we should shift to developing zero energy communities, which can benefit from the best features of both distributed and centralized energy systems.

KW - zero energy communities

KW - renewable energy matching

KW - seasonal thermal energy storage

KW - multi-objective optimization

KW - Nollaenergiayhteisöt

KW - kulutuksen ja tuotannon tasapainotus

KW - lämmön kausivarastointi

KW - monitavoiteoptimointi

KW - zero energy communities

KW - renewable energy matching

KW - seasonal thermal energy storage

KW - multi-objective optimization

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-60-7452-8

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Towards zero energy communities: Increasing local and renewable energy utilization in buildings through shared energy generation and storage

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

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Sormenjälki

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