The Coincidence of the Settled and the Unsettling: Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Finland and Denmark

Johannes Klein

The Coincidence of the Settled and the Unsettling: Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Finland and Denmark

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Sopeutuminen ilmastonmuutokseen kaupungeissa Suomessa ja Tanskassa

Johannes Klein

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Tarvetta ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumiseen ei enää kyseenalaisteta, etenkään kaupungeissa. Suurin osa maailman väestöstä asuu kaupungeissa, ja kaupunkien osuus maailmantaloudessa on mittava. Ihmiset, infrastruktuuri ja tärkeimmät yhteiskunnalliset toimet altistuvat ilmastonmuutokselle ja ovat haavoittuvaisia sen vaikutuksille. Maailman kaupungit ovat tiedostaneet tämän haasteen ja sopeutuvat jo ilmastonmuutokseen. Kaupunkien sopeutuminen ei ole enää pelkästään välttämättömyys, se näkyy toimenpiteinä. Tämän väitöskirjan keskiössä ovat havaittavat toimet, toimijat, ja niiden yhteiskunnallinen konteksti. Työ perustuu empiiriseen tutkimukseen kolmesta kaupungista: Helsinki ja Espoo Suomessa, ja Kööpenhamina Tanskassa. Väitöskirja vastaa kysymykseen: Miten kaupunkikonteksti ja ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutuminen vaikuttavat toisiinsa? Väitöskirjan neljän artikkelin analyyttisinä viitekehyksinä käytetään kilpailevien paradigmojen ja diskurssien käsitteitä, verkostoanalyysia ja ohjauskeinojen ja skaalojenvälisten vuorovaikutuksen analyysia. Jokainen artikkeli vastaa omaan tutkimuskysymykseensä, joten jokaisella artikkelilla on myös tapauskohtaisia tuloksia. Lisäksi artikkelit vastaavat myös niitä yhdistävään kysymykseen.Sopeutumistoimien analyysi tuo esille kolme johtopäätöstä. Ensiksi, käytännön, vallitsevien diskurssien ja paradigmojen yhteiskunnallinen konteksti vaikuttaa sopeutumistoimiin, muttei määrää niitä. Toiseksi, toimijoilla on erilaisia arvoja ja ideoita. He luokittelevat ja käsitteellistävät hallintoa ja päätöksentekoprosessia eri tavoin (esim. hyvinvointivaltio v. uusliberaalit ideat), ja heillä on myös erilaisia käsityksiä siitä, miten sopeutumisen pitäisi tapahtua. Koska eri toimijat kohtaavat toisiaan ja toimivat yhdessä sopeutumisen parissa, sopeutumistoimet voivat olla ristiriitaisia, ne voivat johtaa kompromisseihin, ja niissä voidaan käyttää markkinataloudelliseen, neuvottelevaan tai julkisen sektorin johtamaan sopeutumiseen perustuvia menetelmiä, jotka kilpailevat keskenään. Kolmanneksi, olemassa olevan yhteiskunnallisen kontekstin ja toimijoiden eri sopeutumislähestymistapojen yhdistelmä tulee näkyväksi sopeutumisen satunnaisuudessa ja koetussa puutteellisuudessa. Toisin sanoen, sopeutuminen on aina (osittain) tahatonta ja ohjaamatonta ja se todennäköisesti ei täytä kenenkään odotuksia onnistuneesta sopeutumisesta, vaikka yritetään suunnitella ja toteuttaa järkevää sopeutumista. Kaupungeissa sopeutuminen ei ole koskaan pelkästään teknistä toimintaa, eikä yksinkertaisesti rationaalisten päätöksien seuraus. Se on aina keskustelun ja poliittisen vuorovaikutuksen kohde. Tähän keskusteluun liittyy olennaisesti myös kysymys, ymmärretäänkö sopeutuminen tavallisen kaupunkisuunnittelun ja hallinnon osana, mahdollisena suunnittelun vallittavien paradigmojen uudistajana, vai itsenäisenä ja uutena kokonaisuutena kaupunkikehityksessä.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Sopeutuminen ilmastonmuutokseen kaupungeissa Suomessa ja Tanskassa
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Mäntysalo, Raine, Vastuuprofessori Juhola, Sirkku, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-60-7552-5
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-60-7551-8
Tila	Julkaistu - 2017
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja

Tutkimusalat

paikallinen taso
ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutuminen
kaupunkisuunnittelu
sosiaalinen verkostoanalyysi
legitimiteetti
vastuu
politiikkainstrumentit

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7551-8Lisenssi: Määrittelemätön

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@phdthesis{65eff037ac164b558a6a3d3472bd1a55,

title = "The Coincidence of the Settled and the Unsettling: Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Finland and Denmark",

abstract = "There is little doubt about the need for climate change adaptation, particularly in cities. The majority of the world's population lives in cities, and a large part of global economic activity takes place there. People, infrastructure and key societal functions in cities are exposed and potentially vulnerable to climate change. Many cities have recognised this challenge and have begun to adapt to climate change. Urban adaptation is no longer only a necessity; it is now manifested in observable actions. At the core of this dissertation are these observable actions, the actors who perform these actions, and the societal context of these actions. It builds on empirical studies in three case cities: Helsinki and Espoo in Finland, and Copenhagen in Denmark, and seeks to provide answers to the question: How do urban context and climate change adaptation interact? The analytical frameworks applied in the four articles of this thesis include the concepts of competing paradigms and discourses, the analyses of networks, policy instruments and scales of interaction. Each article answers specific research questions. Therefore, each article has a unique set of results and answers. In the thesis' framework, the articles also provide answers to the overarching question stated above. The analysis of adaptation actions provides evidence for three conclusions. First, the existing societal context of institutions, prevailing discourses and paradigms influence–but do not determine–adaptation actions. Second, actors have different sets of values and ideas, different categories and conceptualisations of governance and policy making (e.g. welfare state models vs. neo-liberal ideas), and different perceptions of how adaptation should happen. These actors encounter each other and work together on adaptation. As a consequence, adaptation actions can be conflicting, lead to trade-offs, and can include simultaneously competing elements of market-orientation, deliberation and public sector-led adaptation. Third, the combination of the existing societal context and actors' different approaches to adaptation becomes apparent in contingency and perceived deficiency in adaptation. In other words, despite attempts to plan and implement sound adaptation, implementation is always (partly) unintended and uncontrolled and will most probably fall short of our (or anybody's) expectations for successful adaptation. Urban adaptation is never a purely technical activity, nor simply the consequence of rational decisions. It is always subject to debate and political interaction. This debate is also inherently about whether we understand adaptation as part of current urban planning and governance, as a potential driver of the reconsideration of the prevailing planning paradigms, or as a new entity in urban development all together.",

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TY - BOOK

T1 - The Coincidence of the Settled and the Unsettling: Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Finland and Denmark

AU - Klein, Johannes

PY - 2017

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N2 - There is little doubt about the need for climate change adaptation, particularly in cities. The majority of the world's population lives in cities, and a large part of global economic activity takes place there. People, infrastructure and key societal functions in cities are exposed and potentially vulnerable to climate change. Many cities have recognised this challenge and have begun to adapt to climate change. Urban adaptation is no longer only a necessity; it is now manifested in observable actions. At the core of this dissertation are these observable actions, the actors who perform these actions, and the societal context of these actions. It builds on empirical studies in three case cities: Helsinki and Espoo in Finland, and Copenhagen in Denmark, and seeks to provide answers to the question: How do urban context and climate change adaptation interact? The analytical frameworks applied in the four articles of this thesis include the concepts of competing paradigms and discourses, the analyses of networks, policy instruments and scales of interaction. Each article answers specific research questions. Therefore, each article has a unique set of results and answers. In the thesis' framework, the articles also provide answers to the overarching question stated above. The analysis of adaptation actions provides evidence for three conclusions. First, the existing societal context of institutions, prevailing discourses and paradigms influence–but do not determine–adaptation actions. Second, actors have different sets of values and ideas, different categories and conceptualisations of governance and policy making (e.g. welfare state models vs. neo-liberal ideas), and different perceptions of how adaptation should happen. These actors encounter each other and work together on adaptation. As a consequence, adaptation actions can be conflicting, lead to trade-offs, and can include simultaneously competing elements of market-orientation, deliberation and public sector-led adaptation. Third, the combination of the existing societal context and actors' different approaches to adaptation becomes apparent in contingency and perceived deficiency in adaptation. In other words, despite attempts to plan and implement sound adaptation, implementation is always (partly) unintended and uncontrolled and will most probably fall short of our (or anybody's) expectations for successful adaptation. Urban adaptation is never a purely technical activity, nor simply the consequence of rational decisions. It is always subject to debate and political interaction. This debate is also inherently about whether we understand adaptation as part of current urban planning and governance, as a potential driver of the reconsideration of the prevailing planning paradigms, or as a new entity in urban development all together.

AB - There is little doubt about the need for climate change adaptation, particularly in cities. The majority of the world's population lives in cities, and a large part of global economic activity takes place there. People, infrastructure and key societal functions in cities are exposed and potentially vulnerable to climate change. Many cities have recognised this challenge and have begun to adapt to climate change. Urban adaptation is no longer only a necessity; it is now manifested in observable actions. At the core of this dissertation are these observable actions, the actors who perform these actions, and the societal context of these actions. It builds on empirical studies in three case cities: Helsinki and Espoo in Finland, and Copenhagen in Denmark, and seeks to provide answers to the question: How do urban context and climate change adaptation interact? The analytical frameworks applied in the four articles of this thesis include the concepts of competing paradigms and discourses, the analyses of networks, policy instruments and scales of interaction. Each article answers specific research questions. Therefore, each article has a unique set of results and answers. In the thesis' framework, the articles also provide answers to the overarching question stated above. The analysis of adaptation actions provides evidence for three conclusions. First, the existing societal context of institutions, prevailing discourses and paradigms influence–but do not determine–adaptation actions. Second, actors have different sets of values and ideas, different categories and conceptualisations of governance and policy making (e.g. welfare state models vs. neo-liberal ideas), and different perceptions of how adaptation should happen. These actors encounter each other and work together on adaptation. As a consequence, adaptation actions can be conflicting, lead to trade-offs, and can include simultaneously competing elements of market-orientation, deliberation and public sector-led adaptation. Third, the combination of the existing societal context and actors' different approaches to adaptation becomes apparent in contingency and perceived deficiency in adaptation. In other words, despite attempts to plan and implement sound adaptation, implementation is always (partly) unintended and uncontrolled and will most probably fall short of our (or anybody's) expectations for successful adaptation. Urban adaptation is never a purely technical activity, nor simply the consequence of rational decisions. It is always subject to debate and political interaction. This debate is also inherently about whether we understand adaptation as part of current urban planning and governance, as a potential driver of the reconsideration of the prevailing planning paradigms, or as a new entity in urban development all together.

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KW - climate change adaptation

KW - urban planning

KW - social network analysis

KW - legitimacy

KW - responsibility

KW - policy instruments

KW - paikallinen taso

KW - ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutuminen

KW - kaupunkisuunnittelu

KW - sosiaalinen verkostoanalyysi

KW - legitimiteetti

KW - vastuu

KW - politiikkainstrumentit

KW - local level

KW - climate change adaptation

KW - urban planning

KW - social network analysis

KW - legitimacy

KW - responsibility

KW - policy instruments

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-60-7552-5

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

The Coincidence of the Settled and the Unsettling: Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Finland and Denmark

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

Sormenjälki

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