Radio Wave Propagation Simulations Based On Point Clouds – Methods, Experimental Validations and Applications To Radio Link Design

Pasi Koivumäki

Radio Wave Propagation Simulations Based On Point Clouds – Methods, Experimental Validations and Applications To Radio Link Design

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Radioaaltojen etenemisen mallintaminen pistepilviä käyttäen – Menetelmiä, vertauksia mittauksiin ja sovelluksia radiolinkkien suunnitteluun

Pasi Koivumäki

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Langattoman viestinnän räjähdysmäinen kasvu on johtanut kaistapulaan alle 6 GHz taajuuksilla. Viidennen sukupolven (5G) teknologiat pyrkivät ratkaisemaan ongelman millimetriaaltoaluetta ja tiheämpää tukiasemasijoittelua hyödyntämällä. Mobiilikattavuutta ja laitteiden keskinäistä häiriintyvyyttä ei tunneta tarkasti näissä olosuhteissa. Langattomien järjestelmien suorituskyvyn ja kattavuuden arviointiin tarvitaan uusia menetelmiä. Tämä väitöskirja esittää tärkeitä havaintoja ja työkaluja tulevaisuuden kattavuuden mallinnukseen ja suunnittelemiseen. Radiokanavien mittaus on tärkeä keino niiden ymmärtämiseksi. Tämä väitöskirja esittää tuloksia radiokanavamittauksista tulevaisuuden ympäristöissä, rakennuksen ulkopuolelta sisälle tapahtuvassa viestinnässä ja liikkuvassa hissikuilussa. Mittauksista ensimmäinen suoritettiin ympäristön eri osien roolien radioaaltojen heijastajina ja siroajina määrittämiseksi 4 GHz ja 14 GHz taajuuksilla. Hissikuilumittaukset suoritettiin niitä varten suunnitellulla laajakaistaisella, polarimetrisellä mittajärjestelmällä. Mittaukset osoittivat hissikuilun olevan polarisaatioherkkä ympäristö, jossa signaalit vaimenevat jopa 20 dB enemmän riippuen antennien polarisaatiosta. Radiokanavamallinnus on mittausten lisäksi tärkeä keino radioaaltojen etenemisen ymmärtämiseksi. Mallinnukseen käytetyn ympäristömallin tarkkuus määrää mallinnuksen tulosten tarkkuuden. Tässä väitöskirjassa parannellaan olemassaolevia ja kehitetään uusia säteenseuranta- ja säteenlauontamenetelmiä, jotka käyttävät laserskannattua pistepilveä ympäristömallina radioaaltojen etenemisen mallintamiseen. Uusi menetelmä pistepilven valmisteluun radiokanavamallinnusta varten esitellään, ja sen hyödyllisyys osoitetaan vertauksilla mitattuihin kanaviin. Pistepilviin perustuvan radiokanavamallinnuksen tuloksia raportoidaan, ja niiden tarkkuus vahvistetaan vertailulla mittaustuloksiin eri ympäristöissä taajuuksilla 4 GHz:sta 60 GHz:iin. Väitöskirjan viimeinen osa käsittelee radiokanavamallinnuksen tulosten sovelluksia radioyhteyksien suunnitteluun. Näköyhteyden todennäköisyyttä mallinnetaan erilaisissa kaupunkiympäristöissä, ja uusi analyyttinen malli sille esitellään. Lisäksi, väitöskirjassa tutkitaan radiokanavien tilallista samankaltaisuutta. Siihen perustuen todetaan, että matalalla 4 GHz taajuudella toimivan laitteen keilanohjausta voidaan soveltaa 86 GHz laitteen tehokkaampaan keilanohjaukseen. Lopuksi, väitöskirja raportoi radiokanavamallinnuksen käytöstä 5G mobiiliantennin suorituskyvyn arviontiin.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Radioaaltojen etenemisen mallintaminen pistepilviä käyttäen – Menetelmiä, vertauksia mittauksiin ja sovelluksia radiolinkkien suunnitteluun
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Haneda, Katsuyuki, Vastuuprofessori Karttunen, Aki, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-64-1751-6
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-64-1752-3
Tila	Julkaistu - 2024
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja

Tutkimusalat

pistepilvet
radioaaltojen eteneminen
säteenseuranta
säteenlauonta

Pääsy asiakirjaan

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-64-1752-3

Siteeraa tätä

@phdthesis{708833b7c2cb4c48b1ea49e22f681102,

title = "Radio Wave Propagation Simulations Based On Point Clouds – Methods, Experimental Validations and Applications To Radio Link Design",

abstract = "The exponential increase in mobile data traffic has resulted in spectrum shortage at the sub-6 GHz frequencies. The fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technologies aims to solve this by utilizing the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands and denser base station deployment. Cellular coverage at mm-wave bands and the interference conditions of dense spatial re-use of frequency spectrum are not well known. To evaluate link performance and predict coverage, wave propagation at radio frequencies in various scenarios must be characterized. This thesis provides improved tools, methods, and insights for coverage simulations to plan future deployments of wireless networks.Radio channel measurements are essential to understanding propagation and coverage characteristics. This thesis presents insights obtained from radio channel measurements in emerging environments, the outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) case and an elevator shaft. In the former case, the role of scattering from outdoor and indoor features is evaluated at 4 GHz and 14 GHz. In the latter, an Universal Software Radio Peripheral-based channel sounder is developed for polarimetric wideband channel measurements in an elevator shaft at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The results show that the elevator shaft is a polarization-selective environment, with attenuation differences of up to 20 dB between links polarized along different sides of the elevator shaft. In addition to measurements, site-specific propagation simulation is an important tool in understanding radio wave propagation and its effect on coverage. Simulation accuracy is affected by level of detail in model of the propagation environment. In this work, ray-tracing and ray-launching propagation simulation methods based on detailed laser-scanned point clouds are developed. A novel method for preparing raw point clouds for propagation simulations is presented and its positive effect on simulation accuracy demonstrated. Radio channel simulations utilizing point clouds are performed in outdoor, indoor and O2I scenarios and their accuracy validated against measurements for frequencies ranging from 4 GHz to 60 GHz. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to applications of point cloud-based radio channel simulations. Line-of-sight probability at mm-wave frequencies is evaluated for urban micro-cells in the presence of clutter typically unavailable in environment databases, e.g., pedestrians and vehicles, and a Poisson-process based model of LOS probability is verified with them. Additionally, simulated radio channel data is utilized to validate feasibility of employing coarse beam-searching performed at 4 GHz for more efficient mm-wave beam-steering at 86 GHz. Finally, site-specific simulations are utilized as a test environment for 28 GHz 5G mobile phone antenna evaluation.",

keywords = "point clouds, propagation, ray-tracing, ray-launching, pistepilvet, radioaaltojen eteneminen, s{\"a}teenseuranta, s{\"a}teenlauonta, point clouds, propagation, ray-tracing, ray-launching",

author = "Pasi Koivum{\"a}ki",

year = "2024",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-64-1751-6",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL THESES",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "71",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - BOOK

T1 - Radio Wave Propagation Simulations Based On Point Clouds – Methods, Experimental Validations and Applications To Radio Link Design

AU - Koivumäki, Pasi

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - The exponential increase in mobile data traffic has resulted in spectrum shortage at the sub-6 GHz frequencies. The fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technologies aims to solve this by utilizing the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands and denser base station deployment. Cellular coverage at mm-wave bands and the interference conditions of dense spatial re-use of frequency spectrum are not well known. To evaluate link performance and predict coverage, wave propagation at radio frequencies in various scenarios must be characterized. This thesis provides improved tools, methods, and insights for coverage simulations to plan future deployments of wireless networks.Radio channel measurements are essential to understanding propagation and coverage characteristics. This thesis presents insights obtained from radio channel measurements in emerging environments, the outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) case and an elevator shaft. In the former case, the role of scattering from outdoor and indoor features is evaluated at 4 GHz and 14 GHz. In the latter, an Universal Software Radio Peripheral-based channel sounder is developed for polarimetric wideband channel measurements in an elevator shaft at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The results show that the elevator shaft is a polarization-selective environment, with attenuation differences of up to 20 dB between links polarized along different sides of the elevator shaft. In addition to measurements, site-specific propagation simulation is an important tool in understanding radio wave propagation and its effect on coverage. Simulation accuracy is affected by level of detail in model of the propagation environment. In this work, ray-tracing and ray-launching propagation simulation methods based on detailed laser-scanned point clouds are developed. A novel method for preparing raw point clouds for propagation simulations is presented and its positive effect on simulation accuracy demonstrated. Radio channel simulations utilizing point clouds are performed in outdoor, indoor and O2I scenarios and their accuracy validated against measurements for frequencies ranging from 4 GHz to 60 GHz. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to applications of point cloud-based radio channel simulations. Line-of-sight probability at mm-wave frequencies is evaluated for urban micro-cells in the presence of clutter typically unavailable in environment databases, e.g., pedestrians and vehicles, and a Poisson-process based model of LOS probability is verified with them. Additionally, simulated radio channel data is utilized to validate feasibility of employing coarse beam-searching performed at 4 GHz for more efficient mm-wave beam-steering at 86 GHz. Finally, site-specific simulations are utilized as a test environment for 28 GHz 5G mobile phone antenna evaluation.

AB - The exponential increase in mobile data traffic has resulted in spectrum shortage at the sub-6 GHz frequencies. The fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technologies aims to solve this by utilizing the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands and denser base station deployment. Cellular coverage at mm-wave bands and the interference conditions of dense spatial re-use of frequency spectrum are not well known. To evaluate link performance and predict coverage, wave propagation at radio frequencies in various scenarios must be characterized. This thesis provides improved tools, methods, and insights for coverage simulations to plan future deployments of wireless networks.Radio channel measurements are essential to understanding propagation and coverage characteristics. This thesis presents insights obtained from radio channel measurements in emerging environments, the outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) case and an elevator shaft. In the former case, the role of scattering from outdoor and indoor features is evaluated at 4 GHz and 14 GHz. In the latter, an Universal Software Radio Peripheral-based channel sounder is developed for polarimetric wideband channel measurements in an elevator shaft at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The results show that the elevator shaft is a polarization-selective environment, with attenuation differences of up to 20 dB between links polarized along different sides of the elevator shaft. In addition to measurements, site-specific propagation simulation is an important tool in understanding radio wave propagation and its effect on coverage. Simulation accuracy is affected by level of detail in model of the propagation environment. In this work, ray-tracing and ray-launching propagation simulation methods based on detailed laser-scanned point clouds are developed. A novel method for preparing raw point clouds for propagation simulations is presented and its positive effect on simulation accuracy demonstrated. Radio channel simulations utilizing point clouds are performed in outdoor, indoor and O2I scenarios and their accuracy validated against measurements for frequencies ranging from 4 GHz to 60 GHz. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to applications of point cloud-based radio channel simulations. Line-of-sight probability at mm-wave frequencies is evaluated for urban micro-cells in the presence of clutter typically unavailable in environment databases, e.g., pedestrians and vehicles, and a Poisson-process based model of LOS probability is verified with them. Additionally, simulated radio channel data is utilized to validate feasibility of employing coarse beam-searching performed at 4 GHz for more efficient mm-wave beam-steering at 86 GHz. Finally, site-specific simulations are utilized as a test environment for 28 GHz 5G mobile phone antenna evaluation.

KW - point clouds

KW - propagation

KW - ray-tracing

KW - ray-launching

KW - pistepilvet

KW - radioaaltojen eteneminen

KW - säteenseuranta

KW - säteenlauonta

KW - point clouds

KW - propagation

KW - ray-tracing

KW - ray-launching

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-64-1751-6

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL THESES

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Radio Wave Propagation Simulations Based On Point Clouds – Methods, Experimental Validations and Applications To Radio Link Design

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

Pääsy asiakirjaan

Sormenjälki

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