TY - JOUR
T1 - Prolongation of Battery Lifetime for Electric Buses through Flywheel Integration
AU - Glucker, Philipp
AU - Kivekas, Klaus
AU - Vepsalainen, Jari
AU - Mouratidis, Panagiotis
AU - Schneider, Maximilian
AU - Rinderknecht, Stephan
AU - Tammi, Kari
PY - 2021/2/9
Y1 - 2021/2/9
N2 - Electrification of transportation is an effective way to tackle climate change. Public transportation, such as electric buses, operate on predetermined routes and offer quiet operation, zero local emissions and high energy efficiency. However, the batteries of these buses are expensive and wear out in use. The battery ageing is expedited by fast charging and power spikes during operation. The contribution of this paper is the reduction of the power spikes and thus a prolonged battery lifetime. A novel hybrid energy storage system for electric buses is proposed by introducing a flywheel in addition to the existing battery. A simulation model of the hybrid energy storage system is presented, including a battery ageing model to measure the battery lifetime. The bus was simulated during its daily driving operation on different routes with different energy management strategies and flywheel configurations. These different flywheels as well as the driving cycle had a significant impact on the battery life increase. The proposed hybrid battery/flywheel storage system resulted in a battery lifetime increase of 20% on average.
AB - Electrification of transportation is an effective way to tackle climate change. Public transportation, such as electric buses, operate on predetermined routes and offer quiet operation, zero local emissions and high energy efficiency. However, the batteries of these buses are expensive and wear out in use. The battery ageing is expedited by fast charging and power spikes during operation. The contribution of this paper is the reduction of the power spikes and thus a prolonged battery lifetime. A novel hybrid energy storage system for electric buses is proposed by introducing a flywheel in addition to the existing battery. A simulation model of the hybrid energy storage system is presented, including a battery ageing model to measure the battery lifetime. The bus was simulated during its daily driving operation on different routes with different energy management strategies and flywheel configurations. These different flywheels as well as the driving cycle had a significant impact on the battery life increase. The proposed hybrid battery/flywheel storage system resulted in a battery lifetime increase of 20% on average.
KW - hybrid electric bus
KW - hybrid energy storage system
KW - flywheel
KW - battery lifetime
KW - rule-based control
KW - model predictive control
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106214726&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/en14040899
DO - 10.3390/en14040899
M3 - Article
VL - 14
JO - Energies
JF - Energies
SN - 1996-1073
IS - 4
M1 - 899
ER -
