Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

T. Klinger*, T. Andreeva, S. Bozhenkov, C. Brandt, R. Burhenn, B. Buttenschoen, G. Fuchert, B. Geiger, O. Grulke, H. P. Laqua, N. Pablant, K. Rahbarnia, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, N. Tamura, H. Thomsen, Y. Turkin, T. Wegner, Ivana Abramovic, S. AekaeslompoloJ. Alcuson, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, A. Ali, A. Alonso, G. Anda, E. Ascasibar, J. P. Baehner, S. G. Baek, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, M. Banduch, T. Barbui, W. Behr, C. Beidler, A. Benndorf, C. Biedermann, W. Biel, B. Blackwell, E. Blanco, M. Blatzheim, S. Ballinger, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, B. Boeswirth, L-G Boettger, M. Borchardt, Mark Borsuk, J. Boscary, H-S Bosch, M. Beurskens, R. Brakel, H. Brand, T. Braeuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K-J Brunner, R. Bussiahn, I. Bykov, J. Cai, Iván Calvo, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. Carvalho, F. Castejon, A. Charl, N. Chaudhary, D. Chauvin, F. Chernyshev, M. Cianciosa, R. Citarella, G. Claps, J. Coenen, M. J. Cole, M. J. Cole, F. Cordella, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, K. Czerski, M. Czerwinski, G. Czymek, A. da Molin, A. da Silva, H. Damm, A. de la Pena, S. Degenkolbe, C. P. Dhard, M. Dibon, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, F. Durodie, E. Edlund, P. van Eeten, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, S. Elgeti, M. Endler, D. Ennis, H. Esteban, T. Estrada, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, E. Flom, H. Fernandes, W. H. Fietz, W. Figacz, J. Fontdecaba, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, A. Freund, T. Funaba, A. Galkowski, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, J. Garcia Regana, D. Gates, J. Geiger, R. Giannella, A. Gogoleva, B. Goncalves, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J. Green, H. Greuner, A. Grosman, H. Grote, M. Gruca, C. Guerard, P. Hacker, X. Han, J. H. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, M. Henkel, J. Hernandez Sanchez, C. Hidalgo, M. Hirsch, K. P. Hollfeld, U. Hoefel, A. Hoelting, D. Hoeschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, Z. Huang, M. Hubeny, M. Huber, H. Hunger, K. Ida, T. Ilkei, S. Illy, B. Israeli, S. Jablonski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, H. Jenzsch, T. Jesche, M. Jia, P. Junghanns, J. Kacmarczyk, J-P Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, H. Kasahara, W. Kasparek, Y. O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, J. Knauer, M. Knaup, A. Knieps, T. Kobarg, G. Kocsis, F. Koechl, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Koenies, R. Koenig, P. Kornejew, J-P Koschinsky, F. Koester, M. Kraemer, R. Krampitz, A. Kraemer-Flecken, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, J. Krom, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, G. Kuehner, T. Kurki-Suonio, P. A. Kurz, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P. Lang, R. Lang, A. Langenberg, S. Langish, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, M. Lennartz, W. Leonhardt, C. Li, Y. Li, Y. Liang, C. Linsmeier, S. C. Liu, J-F Lobsien, D. Loesser, J. Loizu Cisquella, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, M. Losert, A. Lucke, A. Lumsdaine, VN Lutsenko, H. Maassberg, O. Marchuk, J. H. Matthew, S. Marsen, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K. McCarthy, P. McNeely, A. Meier, D. Mellein, B. Mendelevitch, P. Mertens, D. Mikkelsen, A. Mishchenko, B. Missal, J. Mittelstaedt, T. Mizuuchi, A. Mollen, Victor Moncada, T. Moennich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, S. Murakami, G. Nafradi, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, T. Ngo, D. Nicolai, S. K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishizawa, R. Nocentini, C. Nuehrenberg, J. Nuehrenberg, S. Obermayer, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, J. Oelmanns, J. Ongena, J. W. Oosterbeek, G. Orozco, M. Otte, L. Pacios Rodriguez, N. Panadero, N. Panadero Alvarez, D. Papenfuss, S. Paqay, E. Pasch, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, T. S. Pedersen, G. Pelka, Valeria Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, P. Poeloeskei, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M-E Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, M. Rack, S. Recsei, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, D. Reiter, F. Remppel, S. Renard, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Risse, Volker Rohde, H. Roehlinger, M. Rome, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, B. Roth, L. Rudischhauser, K. Rummel, T. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, S. Ryosuke, R. Sakamoto, M. Salewski, A. Samartsev, E. Sanchez, F. Sano, S. Satake, J. Schacht, G. Satheeswaran, F. Schauer, T. Scherer, J. Schilling, A. Schlaich, G. Schlisio, F. Schluck, K-H Schlueter, J. Schmitt, H. Schmitz, O. Schmitz, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, W. Schneider, P. Scholz, R. Schrittwieser, Michael Schröder, T. Schroeder, R. Schroeder, H. Schumacher, B. Schweer, E. Scott, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, M. Sibilia, P. Sinha, S. Siplia, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, W. Spiess, D. A. Spong, A. Spring, R. Stadler, M. Stejner, L. Stephey, U. Stridde, C. Suzuki, J. Svensson, Susanne J. Szabo, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, Z. Szokefalvi-Nagy, A. Tancetti, J. Terry, J. Thomas, M. Thumm, J. M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, H. Trimino Mora, H. Tsuchiya, T. Tsujimura, S. Tulipan, B. Unterberg, I. Vakulchyk, S. Valet, L. Vano, B. van Milligen, A. J. van Vuuren, L. Vela, J-L Velasco, M. Vergote, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, A. Vorkoeper, S. Wadle, F. Wagner, E. Wang, N. Wang, Z. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, J. Weggen, Y. Wei, G. Weir, J. Wendorf, U. Wenzel, A. Werner, A. White, B. Wiegel, F. Wilde, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, Victoria Winters, S. Wolf, R. C. Wolf, A. Wright, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H. Yamada, Ichihiro Yamada, R. Yasuhara, M. Yokoyama, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, A. Zeitler, D. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, S. Zoletnik, M. Zuin

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Tutkimustuotos: LehtiartikkeliArticleScientificvertaisarvioitu

262 Lataukset (Pure)

Abstrakti

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius R = 5.5 m, minor radius a = 0.5 m, and 30 m(3) plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of 1-4.5 x 10(19) m(-3) with central electron temperatures 5-10 keV were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to 1.4 x 10(20) m(-3) were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of 8 . 10(19 )m(-3) a temperature of 3.4 keV with T-e/T-i = 1 was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to nT(i)(0)tau(E) = 6.4 x 10(19) keV s m(-3) with a peak diamagnetic energy of 1.1 MJ and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure = 1.2%. The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above 1 x 10(20) m(-2) line integrated density and T-e = T-i = 2 keV central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.

AlkuperäiskieliEnglanti
Artikkeli112004
Sivut1-11
Sivumäärä11
JulkaisuNuclear Fusion
Vuosikerta59
Numero11
DOI - pysyväislinkit
TilaJulkaistu - marrask. 2019
OKM-julkaisutyyppiA1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

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