On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm

Xingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Min Chen; Shaolong Chen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso

doi:10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm

Xingbang Wan^*
, Pekka Taskinen^*
, Min Chen
, Shaolong Chen
, Daniel Lindberg
, Ari Jokilaakso

^*Tämän työn vastaava kirjoittaja

Central South University
Swerim AB
Kumera Oy

Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

4 Lataukset (Pure)

Abstrakti

The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and p_O2 from 10^−7.0 to 10^−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO₂–N₂ gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of p_O2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Sivut	763-776
Julkaisu	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
Vuosikerta	57
Numero	2
Varhainen verkossa julkaisun päivämäärä	25 marrask. 2025
DOI - pysyväislinkit	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6
Tila	Julkaistu - helmik. 2026
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

Rahoitus

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Kumera Oy, Finland and Natural Science Foundation of China (XW, Grant No. 52304377). The use of the Academy of Finland’s RawMatTERS Finland Infrastructure (RAMI), housed jointly at Aalto University, GTK, and VTT in Espoo, is greatly acknowledged.

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10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6Lisenssi: CC BY

On_the_Phase_Equilibria_of_Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–Na2O_Al2O3_Slags_and_Metallic_Copper_at_1200C_and_pO2_of_10−7_0–10−4_5_atmFinal published version, 3,59 MBLisenssi: CC BY

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Wan, X., Taskinen, P., Chen, M., Chen, S., Lindberg, D., & Jokilaakso, A. (2026). On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 57(2), 763-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

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title = "On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm",

abstract = "The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.",

author = "Xingbang Wan and Pekka Taskinen and Min Chen and Shaolong Chen and Daniel Lindberg and Ari Jokilaakso",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

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doi = "10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6",

language = "English",

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Wan, X, Taskinen, P, Chen, M, Chen, S, Lindberg, D & Jokilaakso, A 2026, 'On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Vuosikerta 57, Nro 2, Sivut 763-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. / Wan, Xingbang; Taskinen, Pekka; Chen, Min et al.
julkaisussa: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Vuosikerta 57, Nro 2, 02.2026, s. 763-776.

Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

TY - JOUR

T1 - On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm

AU - Wan, Xingbang

AU - Taskinen, Pekka

AU - Chen, Min

AU - Chen, Shaolong

AU - Lindberg, Daniel

AU - Jokilaakso, Ari

PY - 2026/2

Y1 - 2026/2

N2 - The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

AB - The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

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VL - 57

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EP - 776

JO - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science

JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science

IS - 2

ER -

Wan X, Taskinen P, Chen M, Chen S, Lindberg D, Jokilaakso A. On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2026 helmik.;57(2):763-776. Epub 2025 marrask. 25. doi: 10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm

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On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm