Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178

A. Omeliukh; S. Garrappa; V. Fallah Ramazani; A. Franckowiak; W. Winter; E. Lindfors; K. Nilsson; J. Jormanainen; F. Wierda; A. V. Filippenko; W. Zheng; M. Tornikoski; A. Lahteenmaki; S. Kankkunen; J. Tammi

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452143

Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178

A. Omeliukh, S. Garrappa, V. Fallah Ramazani, A. Franckowiak, W. Winter, E. Lindfors, K. Nilsson, J. Jormanainen, F. Wierda, A. V. Filippenko, W. Zheng, M. Tornikoski, A. Lahteenmaki, S. Kankkunen, J. Tammi

Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

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Context. The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux discovered by IceCube remains largely unknown. Several individual neutrino source candidates were observed. Among them is the gamma-ray flaring blazar TXS 0506+056. A similar coincidence of a high-energy neutrino and a gamma-ray flare was found in blazar PKS 0735+178.

Aims. By modeling the spectral energy distributions of PKS 0735+178, we aimed to explore the physical conditions that lead to neutrino production at different stages of the source's activity.

Methods. We analyzed the multiwavelength data from the selected time periods. Using numerical simulations of radiation processes in the source, we explored the parameter space of one-zone leptonic and leptohadronic models to find the best-fit solutions that explain the observed photon fluxes.

Results. We demonstrated how model parameter degeneracy affected the prediction of neutrino spectra. We showed that the available multiwavelength data were insufficient to predict the neutrino spectrum unambiguously. However, under the condition of neutrino rates maximization, we proposed a scenario in which 0.1 neutrino events were produced during the 50-day flare.

Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Artikkeli	A266
Sivut	1-15
Sivumäärä	15
Julkaisu	Astronomy & Astrophysics
Vuosikerta	695
DOI - pysyväislinkit	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452143
Tila	Julkaistu - 27 maalisk. 2025
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

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10.1051/0004-6361/202452143Lisenssi: CC BY

Multi-epoch_leptohadronic_modeling_of_neutrino_source_candidate_blazar_PKS_0735+178Final published version, 121 bytesLisenssi: CC BY

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Omeliukh, A., Garrappa, S., Ramazani, V. F., Franckowiak, A., Winter, W., Lindfors, E., Nilsson, K., Jormanainen, J., Wierda, F., Filippenko, A. V., Zheng, W., Tornikoski, M., Lahteenmaki, A., Kankkunen, S., & Tammi, J. (2025). Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 695, 1-15. Artikkeli A266. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452143

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title = "Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178",

abstract = "Context. The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux discovered by IceCube remains largely unknown. Several individual neutrino source candidates were observed. Among them is the gamma-ray flaring blazar TXS 0506+056. A similar coincidence of a high-energy neutrino and a gamma-ray flare was found in blazar PKS 0735+178.Aims. By modeling the spectral energy distributions of PKS 0735+178, we aimed to explore the physical conditions that lead to neutrino production at different stages of the source's activity.Methods. We analyzed the multiwavelength data from the selected time periods. Using numerical simulations of radiation processes in the source, we explored the parameter space of one-zone leptonic and leptohadronic models to find the best-fit solutions that explain the observed photon fluxes.Results. We demonstrated how model parameter degeneracy affected the prediction of neutrino spectra. We showed that the available multiwavelength data were insufficient to predict the neutrino spectrum unambiguously. However, under the condition of neutrino rates maximization, we proposed a scenario in which 0.1 neutrino events were produced during the 50-day flare.",

keywords = "BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0735+178, Methods: numerical, Neutrinos, Radiation mechanisms: non-thermal",

author = "A. Omeliukh and S. Garrappa and Ramazani, {V. Fallah} and A. Franckowiak and W. Winter and E. Lindfors and K. Nilsson and J. Jormanainen and F. Wierda and Filippenko, {A. V.} and W. Zheng and M. Tornikoski and A. Lahteenmaki and S. Kankkunen and J. Tammi",

year = "2025",

month = mar,

day = "27",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202452143",

language = "English",

volume = "695",

pages = "1--15",

journal = "Astronomy & Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

Omeliukh, A, Garrappa, S, Ramazani, VF, Franckowiak, A, Winter, W, Lindfors, E, Nilsson, K, Jormanainen, J, Wierda, F, Filippenko, AV, Zheng, W, Tornikoski, M , Lahteenmaki, A , Kankkunen, S & Tammi, J 2025, 'Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178', Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vuosikerta 695, A266, Sivut 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452143

TY - JOUR

T1 - Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178

AU - Omeliukh, A.

AU - Garrappa, S.

AU - Ramazani, V. Fallah

AU - Franckowiak, A.

AU - Winter, W.

AU - Lindfors, E.

AU - Nilsson, K.

AU - Jormanainen, J.

AU - Wierda, F.

AU - Filippenko, A. V.

AU - Zheng, W.

AU - Tornikoski, M.

AU - Lahteenmaki, A.

AU - Kankkunen, S.

AU - Tammi, J.

PY - 2025/3/27

Y1 - 2025/3/27

N2 - Context. The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux discovered by IceCube remains largely unknown. Several individual neutrino source candidates were observed. Among them is the gamma-ray flaring blazar TXS 0506+056. A similar coincidence of a high-energy neutrino and a gamma-ray flare was found in blazar PKS 0735+178.Aims. By modeling the spectral energy distributions of PKS 0735+178, we aimed to explore the physical conditions that lead to neutrino production at different stages of the source's activity.Methods. We analyzed the multiwavelength data from the selected time periods. Using numerical simulations of radiation processes in the source, we explored the parameter space of one-zone leptonic and leptohadronic models to find the best-fit solutions that explain the observed photon fluxes.Results. We demonstrated how model parameter degeneracy affected the prediction of neutrino spectra. We showed that the available multiwavelength data were insufficient to predict the neutrino spectrum unambiguously. However, under the condition of neutrino rates maximization, we proposed a scenario in which 0.1 neutrino events were produced during the 50-day flare.

AB - Context. The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux discovered by IceCube remains largely unknown. Several individual neutrino source candidates were observed. Among them is the gamma-ray flaring blazar TXS 0506+056. A similar coincidence of a high-energy neutrino and a gamma-ray flare was found in blazar PKS 0735+178.Aims. By modeling the spectral energy distributions of PKS 0735+178, we aimed to explore the physical conditions that lead to neutrino production at different stages of the source's activity.Methods. We analyzed the multiwavelength data from the selected time periods. Using numerical simulations of radiation processes in the source, we explored the parameter space of one-zone leptonic and leptohadronic models to find the best-fit solutions that explain the observed photon fluxes.Results. We demonstrated how model parameter degeneracy affected the prediction of neutrino spectra. We showed that the available multiwavelength data were insufficient to predict the neutrino spectrum unambiguously. However, under the condition of neutrino rates maximization, we proposed a scenario in which 0.1 neutrino events were produced during the 50-day flare.

KW - BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0735+178

KW - Methods: numerical

KW - Neutrinos

KW - Radiation mechanisms: non-thermal

UR - https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=aalto_pure&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:001454467100005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202452143

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202452143

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 695

SP - 1

EP - 15

JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics

M1 - A266

ER -

Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178

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