Microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits for aggressively duty-cycled wireless networks

Tuomas Haapala

Microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits for aggressively duty-cycled wireless networks

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Mikrowatteja kuluttavia radiomikropiirejä voimakkaasti jaksotetuille langattomille verkoille

Tuomas Haapala

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Matalatehoiset älylaitteet voivat toimia energiaomavaraisesti hyödyntämällä ympäristölle haitallisten ja kalliiden paristojen sijaan energiakeräimiä kuten valokennoja. Pienikokoiset energiakeräimet pystyvät haalimaan kuitenkin vain mikrowatteja tehoa haastavissa ympäristöissä. Myös nappiparistoilla toimivat älylaitteet joutuvat tulemaan toimeen keskimäärin vain kymmenillä mikrowateilla, mikäli niiden toiminta-aika halutaan venyttää yli kymmeneen vuoteen paristojen määrän rajoittamiseksi. Tämä väitöskirja esittelee mikrowatteja tehoa kuluttavia radiomikropiirejä, jotka täyttävät yllä esitetyn tehobudjetin. Yhteistä näille radiopiireille on niiden ensisijainen yksinkertainen tehonsäästöstrategia: ne säästävät tehoa hyödyntämällä voimakasta jaksottamista eli olemalla pitkiä aikoja horroksessa. Ensiksi väitöskirja esittelee mikrowatteja kuluttavan impulssiradiolähettimen, jonka kymmenien metrien kantama soveltuu langattomille lähiverkoille. Toisekseen tämä väitöskirja esittelee lämpötilakompensaatio- ja kenttäkalibraatiomenetelmän mikrowatteja kuluttaville NB-IoT-modeemeille. NB-IoT-modeemeilla on langattomille kaukoverkoille soveltuva kilometrien kantama. Tämän väitöskirjan esittelemä ultraleveäkaistainen impulssiradiolähetin on suunniteltu 65 nm:n CMOS-prosessille. Lähettimen mitattiin tuottavan 1,8 pJ:n pulsseja 7,5 GHz:n kantotaajuudella kuluttaen 69 pJ energiaa jokaista tuotettua pulssia kohden ja vuotaen samalla 380 nW tehoa. Niinpä lähettimen kokonaistehonkulutus on 3,8 µW pulssintoistotaajuuden ollessa 50 kHz:n, joka vastaa 100 kbit/s:n datanopeutta katkoavainnukseen (on-off keying) perustuvalla modulaatiolla. Lähetin toimii luotettavasti myös sellaisilla lineaariregulaattoreilla, joilla on matala virranantokyky, mutta se vaatii suhteellisen tarkan käyttöjännitetason. Tämän väitöskirjan esittelemä lämpötilakompensaatiomenetelmä hyödyntää NB-IoT-modeemissa valmiiksi olevaa vaihelukittua silmukkaa kuluttaen siten vain vähän ylimääräisiä järjestelmäresursseja. Tälläisen lämpötilakompensoidun vaihelukitun silmukan (temperature-compensated phase-locked loop, TCPLL) suorituskykyä arvioidaan erilliskomponenteista rakennetulla prototyypilla. Tämän TCPLL-prototyypin mitataan alentavan kenttäkalibroinnin jälkeen kideoskillattoreiden taajuuspoikkeaman nimellistasosta ±50000 miljardiosaa tasolle 50 miljardisosaa (3σ) silmukan lähdössä. Tämä tarkkuus riittää varmistamaan nopean kytkeytymisen verkkoon ja vähentää tarvetta toistaa lähetettyjä datapaketteja, mikä voi säästää jopa yli 40 % voimakkaasti jaksotetun NB-IoT-modeemin kuluttamasta energiasta matalan kantaman alueilla. 65 nm:n CMOS-prosessille integroituna TCPLL:n vaatiman kompensaatiologiikan simuloidaan kuluttavan vain 290 nW tehoa.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Mikrowatteja kuluttavia radiomikropiirejä voimakkaasti jaksotetuille langattomille verkoille
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Halonen, Kari, Vastuuprofessori Halonen, Kari, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-64-0328-1
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-64-0329-8
Tila	Julkaistu - 2021
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Tohtorinväitöskirja (artikkeli)

Tutkimusalat

matalatehoinen
ultraleveäkaistainen
impulssiradio
energiankeräys
tehonhallinta
radiolähetin
vaihelukittu silmukka
lämpötilakompensaatio
kideoskillattori
esineiden internet

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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-64-0329-8

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Jussi Ryynänen (Manager)
Elektroniikan ja nanotekniikan laitos
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@phdthesis{1dcc20bad4194396a170bc29696acc12,

title = "Microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits for aggressively duty-cycled wireless networks",

abstract = "Low-power mobile smart devices may gain energy autonomy by deploying energy harvesters, such as photovoltaic cells, in place of environmentally hazardous and costly batteries. However, compact energy harvesters may generate only microwatts of power in scarce environments. The same microwatt power budget is encountered if the operation time target of a smart device relying on a coin battery is extended up to more than 10 years. This dissertation demonstrates microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits that meet the above power budget. The presented circuits utilize the same simple principal power-saving strategy: they rely on aggressive duty-cycling, that is, they remain active only for short periods of time. First, this dissertation presents a microwatt impulse radio transmitter front-end (TFE) for local-area networks with a range in the order of tens of meters. Secondly, this dissertation presents a temperature compensation method and an in-field calibration procedure for microwatt NB-IoT modems. Low-power wide-area networks, such as NB-IoT, have a range in the order of several kilometers. The impulse radio TFE is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. The TFE is measured to produce 1.8-pJ pulses at a 7.5-GHz carrier frequency while consuming 69 pJ per pulse and while draining 380 nW of quiescent power. Consequently, the TFE consumes 3.8 µW at a pulse repetition rate of 50 kHz, corresponding to a data rate of 100 kbit/s presuming on-off keying modulation. The TFE can be powered by low-drive linear regulators, which, however, have to provide an accurate supply voltage level. The temperature compensation method deploys the existing phase-locked loop of an NB-IoT modem, therefore requiring little extra hardware resources. The performance of this kind of a temperature-compensated phase-locked loop (TCPLL) is evaluated through a discrete prototype. The TCPLL prototype achieves a 50-ppb (3σ) accuracy from a ±50000-ppb crystal reference when calibrated using the in-field calibration procedure. The achieved accuracy level is sufficient for ensuring swift network acquisition and a small number of data transmission repetitions even under low network coverage, which can allow energy savings of more than 40 %. The compensation logic of the TCPLL prototype is simulated to consume 290 nW of power in a 65-nm CMOS process.",

keywords = "low-power, ultra-wide band, impulse radio, UWB IR, LPWAN, NB-IoT, energy harvesting, power management, transmitter front-end, phase-locked loop, PLL, temperature compensation, crystal oscillator, internet of things, matalatehoinen, ultraleve{\"a}kaistainen, impulssiradio, energianker{\"a}ys, tehonhallinta, radiol{\"a}hetin, vaihelukittu silmukka, l{\"a}mp{\"o}tilakompensaatio, kideoskillattori, esineiden internet, low-power, ultra-wide band, impulse radio, UWB IR, LPWAN, NB-IoT, energy harvesting, power management, transmitter front-end, phase-locked loop, PLL, temperature compensation, crystal oscillator, internet of things",

author = "Tuomas Haapala",

year = "2021",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-64-0328-1",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "47",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - THES

T1 - Microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits for aggressively duty-cycled wireless networks

AU - Haapala, Tuomas

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Low-power mobile smart devices may gain energy autonomy by deploying energy harvesters, such as photovoltaic cells, in place of environmentally hazardous and costly batteries. However, compact energy harvesters may generate only microwatts of power in scarce environments. The same microwatt power budget is encountered if the operation time target of a smart device relying on a coin battery is extended up to more than 10 years. This dissertation demonstrates microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits that meet the above power budget. The presented circuits utilize the same simple principal power-saving strategy: they rely on aggressive duty-cycling, that is, they remain active only for short periods of time. First, this dissertation presents a microwatt impulse radio transmitter front-end (TFE) for local-area networks with a range in the order of tens of meters. Secondly, this dissertation presents a temperature compensation method and an in-field calibration procedure for microwatt NB-IoT modems. Low-power wide-area networks, such as NB-IoT, have a range in the order of several kilometers. The impulse radio TFE is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. The TFE is measured to produce 1.8-pJ pulses at a 7.5-GHz carrier frequency while consuming 69 pJ per pulse and while draining 380 nW of quiescent power. Consequently, the TFE consumes 3.8 µW at a pulse repetition rate of 50 kHz, corresponding to a data rate of 100 kbit/s presuming on-off keying modulation. The TFE can be powered by low-drive linear regulators, which, however, have to provide an accurate supply voltage level. The temperature compensation method deploys the existing phase-locked loop of an NB-IoT modem, therefore requiring little extra hardware resources. The performance of this kind of a temperature-compensated phase-locked loop (TCPLL) is evaluated through a discrete prototype. The TCPLL prototype achieves a 50-ppb (3σ) accuracy from a ±50000-ppb crystal reference when calibrated using the in-field calibration procedure. The achieved accuracy level is sufficient for ensuring swift network acquisition and a small number of data transmission repetitions even under low network coverage, which can allow energy savings of more than 40 %. The compensation logic of the TCPLL prototype is simulated to consume 290 nW of power in a 65-nm CMOS process.

AB - Low-power mobile smart devices may gain energy autonomy by deploying energy harvesters, such as photovoltaic cells, in place of environmentally hazardous and costly batteries. However, compact energy harvesters may generate only microwatts of power in scarce environments. The same microwatt power budget is encountered if the operation time target of a smart device relying on a coin battery is extended up to more than 10 years. This dissertation demonstrates microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits that meet the above power budget. The presented circuits utilize the same simple principal power-saving strategy: they rely on aggressive duty-cycling, that is, they remain active only for short periods of time. First, this dissertation presents a microwatt impulse radio transmitter front-end (TFE) for local-area networks with a range in the order of tens of meters. Secondly, this dissertation presents a temperature compensation method and an in-field calibration procedure for microwatt NB-IoT modems. Low-power wide-area networks, such as NB-IoT, have a range in the order of several kilometers. The impulse radio TFE is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. The TFE is measured to produce 1.8-pJ pulses at a 7.5-GHz carrier frequency while consuming 69 pJ per pulse and while draining 380 nW of quiescent power. Consequently, the TFE consumes 3.8 µW at a pulse repetition rate of 50 kHz, corresponding to a data rate of 100 kbit/s presuming on-off keying modulation. The TFE can be powered by low-drive linear regulators, which, however, have to provide an accurate supply voltage level. The temperature compensation method deploys the existing phase-locked loop of an NB-IoT modem, therefore requiring little extra hardware resources. The performance of this kind of a temperature-compensated phase-locked loop (TCPLL) is evaluated through a discrete prototype. The TCPLL prototype achieves a 50-ppb (3σ) accuracy from a ±50000-ppb crystal reference when calibrated using the in-field calibration procedure. The achieved accuracy level is sufficient for ensuring swift network acquisition and a small number of data transmission repetitions even under low network coverage, which can allow energy savings of more than 40 %. The compensation logic of the TCPLL prototype is simulated to consume 290 nW of power in a 65-nm CMOS process.

KW - low-power

KW - ultra-wide band

KW - impulse radio

KW - UWB IR

KW - LPWAN

KW - NB-IoT

KW - energy harvesting

KW - power management

KW - transmitter front-end

KW - phase-locked loop

KW - PLL

KW - temperature compensation

KW - crystal oscillator

KW - internet of things

KW - matalatehoinen

KW - ultraleveäkaistainen

KW - impulssiradio

KW - energiankeräys

KW - tehonhallinta

KW - radiolähetin

KW - vaihelukittu silmukka

KW - lämpötilakompensaatio

KW - kideoskillattori

KW - esineiden internet

KW - low-power

KW - ultra-wide band

KW - impulse radio

KW - UWB IR

KW - LPWAN

KW - NB-IoT

KW - energy harvesting

KW - power management

KW - transmitter front-end

KW - phase-locked loop

KW - PLL

KW - temperature compensation

KW - crystal oscillator

KW - internet of things

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-64-0328-1

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Microwatt integrated radio transceiver circuits for aggressively duty-cycled wireless networks

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

OpenUrl-saatavuus

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Laitteet

Aalto Electronics-ICT

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