Life cycle assessment of LTO-rich anode waste from lithium-ion battery with a hazardous waste management approach

Diana Arellano Sanchez; Marja Rinne; Benjamin P. Wilson; Mari Lundström

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058

Life cycle assessment of LTO-rich anode waste from lithium-ion battery with a hazardous waste management approach

Diana Arellano Sanchez
, Marja Rinne
, Benjamin P. Wilson
, Mari Lundström^*

^*Tämän työn vastaava kirjoittaja

Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

17 Sitaatiot (Scopus)

164 Lataukset (Pure)

Abstrakti

Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries have been under intensive research due to their stability, safety, and rapid charging characteristics. Nevertheless, uncertainties as to LTO-batteries behavior when used as a raw material in battery recycling still exist. This study provides a grave-to-gate life cycle inventory for a hydrometallurgical battery recycling process in which Li-battery waste materials nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), LTO, and graphite were used as feed. The simulation showed that NMC cathode materials and lithium from both battery waste fractions could be recovered. In contrast, the titanium present within LTO cannot be recovered by the recycling process. Nevertheless, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process demonstrated clear benefits of recycling battery materials, highlighted by the decrease in global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion potential. Additionally, two routes for hazardous waste management were simulated to ascertain the environmental impacts of hazardous waste management within the recycling process.

Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Artikkeli	108058
Sivumäärä	10
Julkaisu	Resources, Conservation and Recycling
Vuosikerta	215
Varhainen verkossa julkaisun päivämäärä	5 jouluk. 2024
DOI - pysyväislinkit	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058
Tila	Julkaistu - huhtik. 2025
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä

Rahoitus

his study was undertaken as part of the HELIOS Project that received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No: 963646). Additionally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the School of Chemical Engineering at Aalto University and would also like to thank Heini Elomaa and Jere Partinen for their valuable discussions and suggestions.

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Tämä tuotos edistää seuraavia kestävän kehityksen tavoitteita:

SDG 7 – Edullinen ja puhdas energia
SDG 9 – Teollisuus, innovaatiot ja infrastruktuuri
SDG 11 – Kestävät kaupungit ja yhteisöt
SDG 12 – Vastuullinen kulutus ja tuotanto
SDG 13 – Ilmastotoimet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058Lisenssi: CC BY

CHEM_Arellano-Sanchez_et_al_Life_cycle_2024_Resources_Conservation_and_RecyclingFinal published version, 1,26 MBLisenssi: CC BY

Muut tiedostot ja linkit

Linkki julkaisuun Scopuksessa

HELIOS: High-pErformance moduLar battery packs for a wIde range Of EVS
Lundström, M. (Vastuullinen johtaja), Sahivirta, H. (Projektin jäsen), Chernyaev, A. (Projektin jäsen), Wilson, B. (Projektin jäsen), Rostami, A. (Projektin jäsen), Arellano, D. (Projektin jäsen) & Nurmi, S. (Projektin jäsen)
01/01/2021 → 31/12/2025
Projekti: EU H2020 Framework program

Recycling of batteries: Environmental and Circular Aspects
Wilson, B. (Puhuja)
24 syysk. 2025
Aktiviteetti: Kutsuttu akateeminen esitelmä

17 Viittaukset
2 Article
1 Conference article in proceedings

Life cycle assessment of enhanced materials recovery from LTO-rich anode waste recycling via froth flotation
Arellano-Sanchez, D., Rinne, M., Gomez-Moreno, L. A., Wilson, B. P., Serna Guerrero, R. & Lundström, M., 15 heinäk. 2025, julkaisussa: Minerals Engineering. 227, 9 Sivumäärä, 109271.
Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

Open access
Tiedosto
3 Sitaatiot (Scopus)

48 Lataukset (Pure)
Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of a Battery Recycling Process with Organic Modeling
Arellano, D., Rinne, M., Wilson, B. P. & Lundström, M., 11 marrask. 2025, Ni‐Co 2025, 6th International Symposium on Nickel and Cobalt. NICO 2025.: Proceedings of the Extraction 2025 Meeting & Exhibition. Mostaghel, S. & Nicol, S. (toim.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer, Vuosikerta II. s. 1007-1012 6 Sivumäärä
Tutkimustuotos: Artikkeli kirjassa/konferenssijulkaisussa › Conference article in proceedings › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

Open access
A study on recovery strategies of graphite from mixed lithium-ion battery chemistries using froth flotation
Sahivirta, H., Wilson, B. P., Lundström, M. & Serna-Guerrero, R., 15 toukok. 2024, julkaisussa: Waste Management. 180, s. 96-105 10 Sivumäärä
Tutkimustuotos: Lehtiartikkeli › Article › Scientific › vertaisarvioitu

Open access
Tiedosto
30 Sitaatiot (Scopus)

235 Lataukset (Pure)

Siteeraa tätä

@article{5a47386fdee04cfe82000a0b45b905fa,

title = "Life cycle assessment of LTO-rich anode waste from lithium-ion battery with a hazardous waste management approach",

abstract = "Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries have been under intensive research due to their stability, safety, and rapid charging characteristics. Nevertheless, uncertainties as to LTO-batteries behavior when used as a raw material in battery recycling still exist. This study provides a grave-to-gate life cycle inventory for a hydrometallurgical battery recycling process in which Li-battery waste materials nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), LTO, and graphite were used as feed. The simulation showed that NMC cathode materials and lithium from both battery waste fractions could be recovered. In contrast, the titanium present within LTO cannot be recovered by the recycling process. Nevertheless, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process demonstrated clear benefits of recycling battery materials, highlighted by the decrease in global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion potential. Additionally, two routes for hazardous waste management were simulated to ascertain the environmental impacts of hazardous waste management within the recycling process.",

keywords = "Battery recycling, Battery waste, Flowsheet modeling, LCA (life cycle assessment), Lithium titanate, Process development, Sustainability",

author = "\{Arellano Sanchez\}, Diana and Marja Rinne and Wilson, \{Benjamin P.\} and Mari Lundstr{\"o}m",

note = "| openaire: EC/H2020/963646/EU//HELIOS",

year = "2025",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058",

language = "English",

volume = "215",

journal = "Resources, Conservation and Recycling",

issn = "0921-3449",

publisher = "Elsevier",

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T1 - Life cycle assessment of LTO-rich anode waste from lithium-ion battery with a hazardous waste management approach

AU - Arellano Sanchez, Diana

AU - Rinne, Marja

AU - Wilson, Benjamin P.

AU - Lundström, Mari

N1 - | openaire: EC/H2020/963646/EU//HELIOS

PY - 2025/4

Y1 - 2025/4

N2 - Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries have been under intensive research due to their stability, safety, and rapid charging characteristics. Nevertheless, uncertainties as to LTO-batteries behavior when used as a raw material in battery recycling still exist. This study provides a grave-to-gate life cycle inventory for a hydrometallurgical battery recycling process in which Li-battery waste materials nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), LTO, and graphite were used as feed. The simulation showed that NMC cathode materials and lithium from both battery waste fractions could be recovered. In contrast, the titanium present within LTO cannot be recovered by the recycling process. Nevertheless, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process demonstrated clear benefits of recycling battery materials, highlighted by the decrease in global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion potential. Additionally, two routes for hazardous waste management were simulated to ascertain the environmental impacts of hazardous waste management within the recycling process.

AB - Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries have been under intensive research due to their stability, safety, and rapid charging characteristics. Nevertheless, uncertainties as to LTO-batteries behavior when used as a raw material in battery recycling still exist. This study provides a grave-to-gate life cycle inventory for a hydrometallurgical battery recycling process in which Li-battery waste materials nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), LTO, and graphite were used as feed. The simulation showed that NMC cathode materials and lithium from both battery waste fractions could be recovered. In contrast, the titanium present within LTO cannot be recovered by the recycling process. Nevertheless, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process demonstrated clear benefits of recycling battery materials, highlighted by the decrease in global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ozone depletion potential. Additionally, two routes for hazardous waste management were simulated to ascertain the environmental impacts of hazardous waste management within the recycling process.

KW - Battery recycling

KW - Battery waste

KW - Flowsheet modeling

KW - LCA (life cycle assessment)

KW - Lithium titanate

KW - Process development

KW - Sustainability

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85211017737

U2 - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058

DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108058

M3 - Article

SN - 0921-3449

VL - 215

JO - Resources, Conservation and Recycling

JF - Resources, Conservation and Recycling

M1 - 108058

ER -

Life cycle assessment of LTO-rich anode waste from lithium-ion battery with a hazardous waste management approach

Abstrakti

Rahoitus

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

Muut tiedostot ja linkit

Sormenjälki

Projektit

HELIOS: High-pErformance moduLar battery packs for a wIde range Of EVS

Aktiviteetit

Recycling of batteries: Environmental and Circular Aspects

Tutkimustuotos

Life cycle assessment of enhanced materials recovery from LTO-rich anode waste recycling via froth flotation

Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of a Battery Recycling Process with Organic Modeling

A study on recovery strategies of graphite from mixed lithium-ion battery chemistries using froth flotation

Siteeraa tätä