Life cycle assessment of light sources – Case studies and review of the analyses

Leena Tähkämö

Life cycle assessment of light sources – Case studies and review of the analyses

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Valonlähteiden elinkaariarviointi – Esimerkkitapausten analysointia

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Monograph

Abstrakti

Valaistus on merkittävä globaali sähkönkuluttaja ja sen takia siihen kohdistuu sekä lainsäädännöllisiä että vapaaehtoisia muutospaineita. Euroopan unionin markkinoilta on poistumassa paljon käytettyjä perinteisiä valonlähteitä, kuten hehkulamppu ja suurpaine-elohopealamppu. Markkinoille on tullut ja on tulossa paljon uusia tuotteita, erityisesti LED-lamppuja ja -valaisimia. Nämä muutokset ovat luoneet tarpeen arvioida valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia, erityisesti koska muutoksia usein perustellaan ympäristöseikoin. Elinkaariarviointi on standardisoitu yleisellä tasolla mutta yksityiskohtaisia ohjeita nimenomaan valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnille ei ole. Sen vuoksi on yleensä mahdotonta verrata arviointien tuloksia. Koska tuotekirjo kasvaa ja muuttuu, on tarpeellista arvioida eri valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia samoin menetelmin. Väitöskirjassa kehitetään kaksi mallia valonlähteiden elinkaariarviointimenetelmälle. Nämä kaksi mallia, yksinkertainen ja laaja, yksinkertaistavat elinkaariarviointia, jotta se nopeutuisi ja olisi läpinäkyvä. Mallit kehitettiin neljän väitöskirjatyössä tehdyn arvioinnin ja jo olemassa olleiden, kirjallisuudesta löytyneiden elinkaariarviointien pohjalta. Mallit esittävät suositukset valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnin merkittävimmille määreille: toiminnalliselle yksikölle, huomioitaville elinkaaren vaiheille, ympäristövaikutuksille ja käytönaikaisen energian mallintamiselle. Väitöskirja esittelee neljä osatutkimusta: kaksi elinkaariarviointia LED-syväsäteilyvalaisimelle ja loistelamppuvalaisimelle, yksi elinkaarikustannusanalyysi katuvalaisimille ja yksi yksinkertaistettu elinkaariarvioinnin ja elinkaarikustannusanalyysin yhdistävä tutkimus ympärisäteileville lampuille. Osatutkimusten ja kirjallisuuden elinkaariarviointien tarkastelun johtopäätökset ovat samansuuntaisia menetelmien, soveltamisalan ja tarkasteltujen valonlähteiden eroavaisuuksista huolimatta. Käytönaikaisen energiankulutuksen todetaan olevan määräävä tekijä valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksissa. Väitöskirjassa havaitaan käytönaikaisten ympäristövaikutusten riippuvan valonlähteen polttoiästä ja käytetystä energiamuodosta. Käyttövaiheen havaitaan olevan merkittävä erityisesti heikon valotehokkuuden valonlähteillä, joiden valmistusvaihe on yksinkertainen. Käyttövaiheen merkittävyyteen vaikuttaa käytönaikainen energialähde. Valmistusvaihe todettiin tyypillisesti toiseksi merkittävimmäksi elinkaaren vaiheeksi. Valmistuksen merkitys kasvaa valmistusprosessien ja materiaalien yksityiskohtaisemmalla tarkastelulla. Muiden elinkaaren vaiheiden, kuten kuljetuksen ja käytöstä poiston, keskimääräiset ympäristövaikutukset ovat käytännössä merkityksettömiä, mutta yksittäisissä ympäristövaikutusluokissa jopa merkittäviä.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Valonlähteiden elinkaariarviointi – Esimerkkitapausten analysointia
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Halonen, Liisa, Vastuuprofessori Zissis, Georges, Vastuuprofessori, Ulkoinen henkilö Puolakka, Marjukka, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-60-5249-6
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-60-5250-2
Tila	Julkaistu - 2013
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G4 Tohtorinväitöskirja (monografia)

Tutkimusalat

elinkaariarviointi
elinkaarikustannus
ympäristövaikutus
valaistus

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5250-2

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@phdthesis{d1866de483994ef39b3d4095522bdaba,

title = "Life cycle assessment of light sources – Case studies and review of the analyses",

abstract = "Lighting is a major global consumer of electricity and undergoing drastic changes due to legislative and voluntary measures. Widely-used conventional light sources, such as incandescent lamps and high pressure mercury lamps, are banned from the European Union market. The number of light sources on the market is expanding especially regarding the LED lamps and luminaires. These major changes in the lighting sector create a need for evaluating the environmental performance of light sources, especially as the changes are justified by the environmental aspects, such as energy consumption. The life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods. The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. Both models are simplified, and they recommend the key parameters of the life cycle assessment: functional unit, stages of the life cycle, environmental impacts, and energy source in use stage. Four case studies were conducted in the work: two life cycle assessments of a fluorescent lamp luminaire and an LED downlight luminaire, one life cycle cost analysis of street lighting luminaires, and one analysis combining both life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of non-directional lamps. The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The manufacturing was usually the second significant cause for average environmental impacts. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category.",

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author = "Leena T{\"a}hk{\"a}m{\"o}",

year = "2013",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-60-5249-6",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

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T1 - Life cycle assessment of light sources – Case studies and review of the analyses

AU - Tähkämö, Leena

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N2 - Lighting is a major global consumer of electricity and undergoing drastic changes due to legislative and voluntary measures. Widely-used conventional light sources, such as incandescent lamps and high pressure mercury lamps, are banned from the European Union market. The number of light sources on the market is expanding especially regarding the LED lamps and luminaires. These major changes in the lighting sector create a need for evaluating the environmental performance of light sources, especially as the changes are justified by the environmental aspects, such as energy consumption. The life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods. The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. Both models are simplified, and they recommend the key parameters of the life cycle assessment: functional unit, stages of the life cycle, environmental impacts, and energy source in use stage. Four case studies were conducted in the work: two life cycle assessments of a fluorescent lamp luminaire and an LED downlight luminaire, one life cycle cost analysis of street lighting luminaires, and one analysis combining both life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of non-directional lamps. The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The manufacturing was usually the second significant cause for average environmental impacts. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category.

AB - Lighting is a major global consumer of electricity and undergoing drastic changes due to legislative and voluntary measures. Widely-used conventional light sources, such as incandescent lamps and high pressure mercury lamps, are banned from the European Union market. The number of light sources on the market is expanding especially regarding the LED lamps and luminaires. These major changes in the lighting sector create a need for evaluating the environmental performance of light sources, especially as the changes are justified by the environmental aspects, such as energy consumption. The life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods. The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. Both models are simplified, and they recommend the key parameters of the life cycle assessment: functional unit, stages of the life cycle, environmental impacts, and energy source in use stage. Four case studies were conducted in the work: two life cycle assessments of a fluorescent lamp luminaire and an LED downlight luminaire, one life cycle cost analysis of street lighting luminaires, and one analysis combining both life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of non-directional lamps. The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The manufacturing was usually the second significant cause for average environmental impacts. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category.

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KW - life cycle cost

KW - environmental impacts

KW - lighting

KW - elinkaariarviointi

KW - elinkaarikustannus

KW - ympäristövaikutus

KW - valaistus

KW - analyse du cycle de vie

KW - coût du cycle de vie

KW - impacts environnementaux

KW - éclairage

KW - life cycle assessment

KW - life cycle cost

KW - environmental impacts

KW - lighting

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-60-5249-6

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Life cycle assessment of light sources – Case studies and review of the analyses

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

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