Hybrid energy system optimization for buildings

Rebecka Savolainen

Hybrid energy system optimization for buildings

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Hybridienergiajärjestelmän optimointi kiintestöille

Rebecka Savolainen

Energia- ja konetekniikan laitos

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Euroopan komission mukaan rakennukset vastaavat 40% Euroopan Unionin (EU) energian loppukäytöstä ja 36% kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä. Energiatehokkuuden parantaminen voi olla tärkeä keino energian kulutuksen vähentämiseksi, johtaen alempiin kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin ja pienempiin energiakustannuksiin. Lähes nollaenergiarakennusten (nZEB) säädökset asettavat EU-maiden uudisrakennuksille ja korjausrakentamiselle kustannustehokkaat vähimmäistavoitteet koskien lämmitysjärjestelmiä ja rakennuksen vaipan ominaisuuksia. Eräs tapa täyttää nZEB-vaatimukset on rakennusten hybridienergiajärjestelmien optimaalinen suunnittelu ja operointi. Paikallisista olosuhteista riippuen, järjestelmiin sisältyy paikallista uusiutuvaa tuotantoa, kuten aurinkosähköä ja -lämpöä, tuulivoimaa, maalämpöä ja bio-polttoaineita. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää menetelmiä uusiutuvaan energiaan pohjautuvien hybridi-energiajärjestelmien optimaaliseen suunnitteluun ja operointiin eri tyyppisissä rakennuksissa: toimistot, asuintalot, yhdistelmärakennukset. Energiajärjestelmiin voi sisältyä verkkosähköä, kaukolämpöä, kaukojäähdytystä, lämpöpumppuja, aurinkosähköä sekä energiavarastoja lämmölle, jäähdytykselle ja sähkölle. Näissä hybridijärjestelmissä eri energiamuodot ja teknologiat vuorovaikuttavat mutkikkaalla tavalla. Vuorovaikutukset otetaan huomioon optimointimallinnuksen avulla, erityisesti lineaarisen ohjelmoinnin ja sekalukuoptimoinnin avulla.Tutkimukseen sisältyy kolme osatutkimusta. Ensimmäisessä kehitettiin yhdistetty konfigurointi-, mitoitus- ja operatiivinen malli, jolla minimoidaan rakennuksen energiajärjestelmän kustannukset. Mallia sovellettiin yhdistelmärakennuksen suunnitteluun Suomessa. Tuloksena paitsi minimoitiin energiakustannusket, myös parannettiin energiatehokkuutta ja alitettiin kirkkaasti nZEB-vaatimukset. Toisessa tutkimuksessa laajennettiin edellistä mallia käsittämään useampia sähkövarastoja ja toimimaan sähkökaupan tulevan 'varttitaseen' kanssa. Mallia sovellettiin suunnittelemaan kahden rakennuksen lämmitysjärjestelmien uudistaminen: toimistotalo Suomessa ja asuintalo Virossa. Optimoidut konfiguraatiot tuottivat merkittäviä vuosittaisia säästöjä. Sähkövarastot eivät olleet kannattavia kummassakaan rakennuksessa. Kolmannessa tutkimuksessa kehitettiin malli ja metodologia optimoimaan rakennuksen hybridienergiajärjestelmä osallistumaan Suomen kantaverkkoyhtiön taajuuden vakautusreservimarkkinoilla (FCR-N). Mallia sovellettiin toimistorakennukseen. Tulosten mukaan osallistuminen FCR-N-markkinoille on kustannustehokasta ja FCR-N -kauppa voi tehdä myös sähkövarastoista kannattavia.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Hybridienergiajärjestelmän optimointi kiintestöille
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Lahdelma, Risto, Vastuuprofessori Lahdelma, Risto, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-64-1038-8
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-64-1039-5
Tila	Julkaistu - 2022
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja

Tutkimusalat

energiatehokkuus
energiavarasto
hybridienergiajärjestelmä
optimointimalli
uusiutuva energia

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Tämä tuotos edistää seuraavia kestävän kehityksen tavoitteita:

Pääsy asiakirjaan

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-64-1039-5

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@phdthesis{5804dfa6477441ea9f1adf71db687cd1,

title = "Hybrid energy system optimization for buildings",

abstract = "The European Commission has announced that buildings as end-users of energy in the European Union (EU) are responsible for 40% of energy use and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Improving energy efficiency can be the main key to reducing energy use, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and decreasing energy costs. The nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements for EU countries set cost-optimal minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, existing buildings undergoing major renovation, and for replacing or retrofitting building elements like heating and cooling systems, roofs, and walls. One approach to improving energy efficiency and meeting nZEB requirements lies in optimal planning and operation of building hybrid energy systems. Depending on local conditions, such systems include locally produced renewable energy, such as solar power, solar heat, wind power, ground source heat, and biofuels. This thesis aims to develop methods for optimal planning and operation of renewable-based hybrid energy systems for different kinds of buildings: office, residential, and mixed-use. The energy systems include electric power from the grid, district heating, district cooling, heat pumps, photovoltaics, and storages for heat, cooling, and power. In such hybrid energy systems, different energy forms and technologies interact in a complex manner. These interactions are resolved by optimization modelling. Linear and mixed integer linear programming is applied in this thesis.This thesis includes three studies. The first study developed a combined configuration, sizing (dimensioning), and operational model to minimize the energy costs for hybrid energy systems of buildings. The model was applied to a mixed-use building in Finland. Besides reducing energy costs, energy efficiency was improved, and nZEB requirements were satisfied with a clear margin. The second study extended the model for multiple power storages and operation under the future 15-minute power balance settlement. The model was applied to plan the refurbishment of an office building in Finland and a residential building in Estonia. The optimized configurations caused significant annual savings in energy costs for both buildings. Power storages were not cost-efficient in either building, even if it caused savings in operational costs. These savings were not significant enough to cover the investment. Photovoltaic power was cost-efficient only in the Helsinki building. The third study developed models and methodology to optimize buildings' hybrid energy systems while participating in the Finnish Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR-N) market. The model was applied to an office building in Finland. Results show that FCR-N trade is profitable, and power storages can be cost-efficient together with FCR-N trade.",

keywords = "energy efficiency, energy storage, hybrid energy system, optimization model, renewable energy, energiatehokkuus, energiavarasto, hybridienergiaj{\"a}rjestelm{\"a}, optimointimalli, uusiutuva energia, energy efficiency, energy storage, hybrid energy system, optimization model, renewable energy",

author = "Rebecka Savolainen",

year = "2022",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-64-1038-8",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL THESES",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "176",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - BOOK

T1 - Hybrid energy system optimization for buildings

AU - Savolainen, Rebecka

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - The European Commission has announced that buildings as end-users of energy in the European Union (EU) are responsible for 40% of energy use and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Improving energy efficiency can be the main key to reducing energy use, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and decreasing energy costs. The nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements for EU countries set cost-optimal minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, existing buildings undergoing major renovation, and for replacing or retrofitting building elements like heating and cooling systems, roofs, and walls. One approach to improving energy efficiency and meeting nZEB requirements lies in optimal planning and operation of building hybrid energy systems. Depending on local conditions, such systems include locally produced renewable energy, such as solar power, solar heat, wind power, ground source heat, and biofuels. This thesis aims to develop methods for optimal planning and operation of renewable-based hybrid energy systems for different kinds of buildings: office, residential, and mixed-use. The energy systems include electric power from the grid, district heating, district cooling, heat pumps, photovoltaics, and storages for heat, cooling, and power. In such hybrid energy systems, different energy forms and technologies interact in a complex manner. These interactions are resolved by optimization modelling. Linear and mixed integer linear programming is applied in this thesis.This thesis includes three studies. The first study developed a combined configuration, sizing (dimensioning), and operational model to minimize the energy costs for hybrid energy systems of buildings. The model was applied to a mixed-use building in Finland. Besides reducing energy costs, energy efficiency was improved, and nZEB requirements were satisfied with a clear margin. The second study extended the model for multiple power storages and operation under the future 15-minute power balance settlement. The model was applied to plan the refurbishment of an office building in Finland and a residential building in Estonia. The optimized configurations caused significant annual savings in energy costs for both buildings. Power storages were not cost-efficient in either building, even if it caused savings in operational costs. These savings were not significant enough to cover the investment. Photovoltaic power was cost-efficient only in the Helsinki building. The third study developed models and methodology to optimize buildings' hybrid energy systems while participating in the Finnish Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR-N) market. The model was applied to an office building in Finland. Results show that FCR-N trade is profitable, and power storages can be cost-efficient together with FCR-N trade.

AB - The European Commission has announced that buildings as end-users of energy in the European Union (EU) are responsible for 40% of energy use and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Improving energy efficiency can be the main key to reducing energy use, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and decreasing energy costs. The nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements for EU countries set cost-optimal minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, existing buildings undergoing major renovation, and for replacing or retrofitting building elements like heating and cooling systems, roofs, and walls. One approach to improving energy efficiency and meeting nZEB requirements lies in optimal planning and operation of building hybrid energy systems. Depending on local conditions, such systems include locally produced renewable energy, such as solar power, solar heat, wind power, ground source heat, and biofuels. This thesis aims to develop methods for optimal planning and operation of renewable-based hybrid energy systems for different kinds of buildings: office, residential, and mixed-use. The energy systems include electric power from the grid, district heating, district cooling, heat pumps, photovoltaics, and storages for heat, cooling, and power. In such hybrid energy systems, different energy forms and technologies interact in a complex manner. These interactions are resolved by optimization modelling. Linear and mixed integer linear programming is applied in this thesis.This thesis includes three studies. The first study developed a combined configuration, sizing (dimensioning), and operational model to minimize the energy costs for hybrid energy systems of buildings. The model was applied to a mixed-use building in Finland. Besides reducing energy costs, energy efficiency was improved, and nZEB requirements were satisfied with a clear margin. The second study extended the model for multiple power storages and operation under the future 15-minute power balance settlement. The model was applied to plan the refurbishment of an office building in Finland and a residential building in Estonia. The optimized configurations caused significant annual savings in energy costs for both buildings. Power storages were not cost-efficient in either building, even if it caused savings in operational costs. These savings were not significant enough to cover the investment. Photovoltaic power was cost-efficient only in the Helsinki building. The third study developed models and methodology to optimize buildings' hybrid energy systems while participating in the Finnish Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR-N) market. The model was applied to an office building in Finland. Results show that FCR-N trade is profitable, and power storages can be cost-efficient together with FCR-N trade.

KW - energy efficiency

KW - energy storage

KW - hybrid energy system

KW - optimization model

KW - renewable energy

KW - energiatehokkuus

KW - energiavarasto

KW - hybridienergiajärjestelmä

KW - optimointimalli

KW - uusiutuva energia

KW - energy efficiency

KW - energy storage

KW - hybrid energy system

KW - optimization model

KW - renewable energy

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-64-1038-8

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL THESES

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Hybrid energy system optimization for buildings

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

Sormenjälki

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