Future trends of hybrid and electric powertrains in nonroad mobile machinery

This paper examines the future trends of hybrid and electric powertrains in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) with the focus on the challenges and opportunities related to the electrification of NRMM. The underlying trends and drivers, such as regulations, policies and market development, are analysed in order to draw conclusions about possible future scenarios. Required technology enablers and foreseen challenges are identified based on a state-of-the-art review of electrical components and systems. Future scenarios are developed based on the technological development of key components, scientific literature and the status of the non-road mobile machinery industry. These scenarios are divided into two time horizons: short to medium term and long-term periods. The key results are summarised in the form of actions required for the successful electrification of non-road mobile machinery. Some recommendations are also given in relation to the development of the technology and NRMM markets.