From Quantum Optics to Energy and Momentum Transport in Macroscopic Structures

Mikko Partanen

From Quantum Optics to Energy and Momentum Transport in Macroscopic Structures

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Kvanttioptiikasta energian ja liikemäärän kuljetukseen makroskooppisissa rakenteissa

Mikko Partanen

Neurotieteen ja lääketieteellisen tekniikan laitos

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Eräs kiehtovimmista valon kvantti-ilmiöistä on aalto–hiukkasdualismi, joka liittyy klassisten aalto- ja hiukkaskäsitysten kykenemättömyyteen kuvata täydellisesti kvanttiobjektien käyttäytymistä. Teoreettisesti sähkömagneettisen kentän aalto-ominaisuudet, kuten interferenssi, seuraavat Maxwellin yhtälöiden ratkaisusta kun taas hiukkasominaisuudet ovat seuraus kentän kvanttiteoriasta, jossa sähkömagneettinen kenttä kuvataan muodostuvaksi erillisistä energiapaketeista, fotoneista. Aalto–hiukkasdualismista johtuen esimerkiksi etenevien kenttien optisen absorption, emission ja interferenssin samanaikaista kuvausta ei ole tavanomaisesti pidetty lokaaleja optisia malleja käyttäen mahdollisena vaan kuvaus on vaatinut Maxwellin yhtälöiden käyttöä stokastisten lähdetermien kanssa, jotta aalto–hiukkasdualismi tulee huomioitua. Myös valon liikemäärän kuvaaminen väliaineessa on ollut ongelmallista. Väitöskirjassa kuvatussa tutkimuksessa johdetaan kvanttifluktuaatioelektrodynamiikan (QFED) malli, joka perustuu sähkömagneettisten Greenin funktioiden ja kentän kvanttiteorian yhdistämiseen, jotta voidaan kuvata fotonien lukumäärän ja paikallisen termisen tasapainon paikkariippuvuutta yleisissä epätasapainotilanteissa ja erottaa sähkömagneettinen kenttä eri suuntiin eteneviin osiin resonanssirakenteissa, mikä on tavanomaisesti ollut ongelmallista interferenssi-ilmiöistä johtuen. QFED-menetelmän näytetään hävittävän aiemmin löydetyt anomaliat fotonien tikapuuoperaattoreiden kommutaatiorelaatioissa. QFED-menetelmää käytetään myös kvanttioptisten kentän ja aineen vuorovaikutusparametrien johtamiseen. Nämä parametrit ottavat täysin huomioon fotonien interferenssin, emission, vaimenemisen ja sironnan kerroksellisissa rakenteissa johtaen interferenssin suhteen eksaktiin säteilyn siirtoyhtälöön (RTE). Näin ollen johdetut vuorovaikutusparametrit ratkaisevat interferenssin ja häviöiden samanaikaisen kuvaamisen ongelmat laajasti käytetyssä RTE-mallin viitekehyksessä. Valon hiukkasominaisuuksia tutkitaan myös soveltamalla suoraan luonnon säilymislakeja ja erityistä suhteellisuusteoriaa sen näyttämiseen, että väliaineessa etenevä valo täytyy kuvata massapolaritonikvasihiukkasina (MP), kovariantteina kentän ja aineen kytkettyinä tiloina. Näillä kvasi-hiukkasilla näytetään olevan Minkowskin muotoa oleva liikemäärä ja nollasta poikkeava massa, jota kuljettaa valoon aineessa liittyvä massatiheysaalto. MP-kvasihiukkasiin liittyvä kentän ja aineen vuorovaikutus myös johtaa fotonin energian menetykseen. Nämä hiukkasmallin tulokset johdetaan myös käyttäen aaltoperustaista optoelastista jatkumodynamiikan (OCD) mallia, joka seuraa jatkuvan aineen sähködynamiikasta ja mekaniikasta. Saadut tulokset vahvistavat aalto- ja hiukkasmallien täyden yhtäpitävyyden niitä oikein käytettäessä. Päätulos, jonka mukaan väliaineessa etenevään valopulssiin liittyy väistämättä kokeellisesti mitattavissa oleva massa, merkitsee perustavanlaatuista muutosta valoon liittyvissä vallitsevissa käsityksissä.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Kvanttioptiikasta energian ja liikemäärän kuljetukseen makroskooppisissa rakenteissa
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Tulkki, Jukka, Vastuuprofessori Häyrynen, Teppo, Ohjaaja Oksanen, Jani, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-60-7642-3
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-60-7641-6
Tila	Julkaistu - 2017
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja

Tutkimusalat

kvanttioptiikka
optinen energian siirto
valon liikemäärä
fotonit

Pääsy asiakirjaan

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-7641-6Lisenssi: Määrittelemätön

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@phdthesis{27111fb6c7834e539abbadbf08c4faf4,

title = "From Quantum Optics to Energy and Momentum Transport in Macroscopic Structures",

abstract = "One of the most intriguing quantum phenomena of light is the wave–particle duality which is related to the inability of the classical wave and particle concepts to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects. Theoretically, the wave features of the electromagnetic field, such as interference, follow from the solution of Maxwell's equations while particle features are a consequence of the field quantization, in which the electromagnetic field is described to consist of discrete energy packets, photons. Due to the wave–particle duality, for example, simultaneous description of optical absorption, emission, and interference of propagating fields has conventionally not been considered feasible using local optical models but has required using Maxwell's equations with stochastic source terms accounting for the wave–particle duality. Also the description of the momentum of light in a medium has been problematic. In the research described in this thesis, the quantized fluctuational electrodynamics (QFED) model is derived based on combining the electromagnetic Green's functions to the field quantization to describe the position dependence of the photon number and local thermal balance in general non-equilibrium conditions, and to separate the electromagnetic field into parts propagating in different directions in resonant structures, which has conventionally been problematic due to interference effects. The QFED method is shown to resolve the previously found anomalies in the canonical commutation relations of photon ladder operators. The QFED method is also used to derive quantum optical field–matter interaction parameters fully capturing the interference, emission, damping, and scattering of propagating photons in stratified media leading to an interference-exact radiative transfer equation (RTE) model. Therefore, the derived interaction parameters solve the problem of simultaneously describing interference and losses in the widely used RTE framework. The particle aspects of light are also studied by directly applying the conservation laws of nature and the special theory of relativity to show that light propagating in a medium must be described as mass-polariton (MP) quasiparticles, covariant coupled states of the field and matter. These quasiparticles are shown to have momentum of the Minkowski form and a nonzero mass that is carried by a mass density wave associated with light. The field–matter interaction related to the MP quasiparticles also leads to the dissipation of photon energy. These particle model results are also derived using a wave-based optoelastic continuum dynamics (OCD) approach following from the electrodynamics of continuous media and the continuum mechanics. The obtained results verify the full agreement between the wave and particle models when they are correctly applied. The key finding that a light pulse propagating in a medium is inevitably associated with an experimentally measurable mass implies a fundamental change in the prevailing perceptions of light.",

keywords = "quantum optics, optical energy transfer, momentum of light, photons, kvanttioptiikka, optinen energian siirto, valon liikem{\"a}{\"a}r{\"a}, fotonit, quantum optics, optical energy transfer, momentum of light, photons",

author = "Mikko Partanen",

year = "2017",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-60-7642-3",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "187",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - BOOK

T1 - From Quantum Optics to Energy and Momentum Transport in Macroscopic Structures

AU - Partanen, Mikko

PY - 2017

Y1 - 2017

N2 - One of the most intriguing quantum phenomena of light is the wave–particle duality which is related to the inability of the classical wave and particle concepts to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects. Theoretically, the wave features of the electromagnetic field, such as interference, follow from the solution of Maxwell's equations while particle features are a consequence of the field quantization, in which the electromagnetic field is described to consist of discrete energy packets, photons. Due to the wave–particle duality, for example, simultaneous description of optical absorption, emission, and interference of propagating fields has conventionally not been considered feasible using local optical models but has required using Maxwell's equations with stochastic source terms accounting for the wave–particle duality. Also the description of the momentum of light in a medium has been problematic. In the research described in this thesis, the quantized fluctuational electrodynamics (QFED) model is derived based on combining the electromagnetic Green's functions to the field quantization to describe the position dependence of the photon number and local thermal balance in general non-equilibrium conditions, and to separate the electromagnetic field into parts propagating in different directions in resonant structures, which has conventionally been problematic due to interference effects. The QFED method is shown to resolve the previously found anomalies in the canonical commutation relations of photon ladder operators. The QFED method is also used to derive quantum optical field–matter interaction parameters fully capturing the interference, emission, damping, and scattering of propagating photons in stratified media leading to an interference-exact radiative transfer equation (RTE) model. Therefore, the derived interaction parameters solve the problem of simultaneously describing interference and losses in the widely used RTE framework. The particle aspects of light are also studied by directly applying the conservation laws of nature and the special theory of relativity to show that light propagating in a medium must be described as mass-polariton (MP) quasiparticles, covariant coupled states of the field and matter. These quasiparticles are shown to have momentum of the Minkowski form and a nonzero mass that is carried by a mass density wave associated with light. The field–matter interaction related to the MP quasiparticles also leads to the dissipation of photon energy. These particle model results are also derived using a wave-based optoelastic continuum dynamics (OCD) approach following from the electrodynamics of continuous media and the continuum mechanics. The obtained results verify the full agreement between the wave and particle models when they are correctly applied. The key finding that a light pulse propagating in a medium is inevitably associated with an experimentally measurable mass implies a fundamental change in the prevailing perceptions of light.

AB - One of the most intriguing quantum phenomena of light is the wave–particle duality which is related to the inability of the classical wave and particle concepts to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects. Theoretically, the wave features of the electromagnetic field, such as interference, follow from the solution of Maxwell's equations while particle features are a consequence of the field quantization, in which the electromagnetic field is described to consist of discrete energy packets, photons. Due to the wave–particle duality, for example, simultaneous description of optical absorption, emission, and interference of propagating fields has conventionally not been considered feasible using local optical models but has required using Maxwell's equations with stochastic source terms accounting for the wave–particle duality. Also the description of the momentum of light in a medium has been problematic. In the research described in this thesis, the quantized fluctuational electrodynamics (QFED) model is derived based on combining the electromagnetic Green's functions to the field quantization to describe the position dependence of the photon number and local thermal balance in general non-equilibrium conditions, and to separate the electromagnetic field into parts propagating in different directions in resonant structures, which has conventionally been problematic due to interference effects. The QFED method is shown to resolve the previously found anomalies in the canonical commutation relations of photon ladder operators. The QFED method is also used to derive quantum optical field–matter interaction parameters fully capturing the interference, emission, damping, and scattering of propagating photons in stratified media leading to an interference-exact radiative transfer equation (RTE) model. Therefore, the derived interaction parameters solve the problem of simultaneously describing interference and losses in the widely used RTE framework. The particle aspects of light are also studied by directly applying the conservation laws of nature and the special theory of relativity to show that light propagating in a medium must be described as mass-polariton (MP) quasiparticles, covariant coupled states of the field and matter. These quasiparticles are shown to have momentum of the Minkowski form and a nonzero mass that is carried by a mass density wave associated with light. The field–matter interaction related to the MP quasiparticles also leads to the dissipation of photon energy. These particle model results are also derived using a wave-based optoelastic continuum dynamics (OCD) approach following from the electrodynamics of continuous media and the continuum mechanics. The obtained results verify the full agreement between the wave and particle models when they are correctly applied. The key finding that a light pulse propagating in a medium is inevitably associated with an experimentally measurable mass implies a fundamental change in the prevailing perceptions of light.

KW - quantum optics

KW - optical energy transfer

KW - momentum of light

KW - photons

KW - kvanttioptiikka

KW - optinen energian siirto

KW - valon liikemäärä

KW - fotonit

KW - quantum optics

KW - optical energy transfer

KW - momentum of light

KW - photons

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-60-7642-3

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

From Quantum Optics to Energy and Momentum Transport in Macroscopic Structures

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

Pääsy asiakirjaan

Sormenjälki

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