Friction controls even submerged granular flows

We investigate the coupling between the interstitial medium and granular particles by studying the hopper flow of dry and submerged systems experimentally and numerically. In accordance with earlier studies, we find that the dry hopper empties at a constant rate. However, in the submerged system we observe the surging of the flow rate. We model both systems using the discrete element method, which we couple with computational fluid dynamics in the case of a submerged hopper. We are able to match the simulations and the experiments with good accuracy by fitting the particle–particle contact friction
for each system separately. Submerging the hopper changes the particle–particle contact friction from µ_vacuum = 0.15 to µ_sub = 0.13, while all the other simulation parameters remain the same.