TY - JOUR
T1 - Experimental study of hydrogen jet dynamics : Investigating free momentum and impingement phenomena
AU - Yeganeh, Maryam
AU - Akram, Muhammad Saad
AU - Cheng, Qiang
AU - Karimkashi, Shervin
AU - Kaario, Ossi
AU - Larmi, Martti
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
PY - 2024/5/28
Y1 - 2024/5/28
N2 - There is a growing interest in the utilization of hydrogen (H2), as a zero-carbon fuel, in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Accordingly, the primary focus of this study is to investigate low-pressure H2 jet dynamics, which play a vital role in air-fuel mixing especially in direct injection (DI) engines. High-speed z-type schlieren imaging is employed in a constant volume chamber to study the effect of nozzle geometry (single-hole, double-hole, and multi-hole), pressure ratios (PR = injection pressure (Pi)/chamber pressure (Pch)), injection angle (10°, 15°, and 20°), and injection duration (ID) on the H2 jet characteristics. Image post-processing is executed in MATLAB and Python to extract the H2 jet characteristics, including penetration and cross-sectional area. The novelty stems from the comprehensive investigation of H2 jet dynamics and impingement phenomenon under various engine-like conditions. The results indicate that apart from the fact that higher pressure ratios (PRs) improve the air-fuel mixing, the single-hole nozzle induces the fastest H2 jet penetration and the smallest cross-sectional area. Conversely, the double-hole nozzle leads to the slowest penetration and the most expansive cross-sectional area. The performance of the multi-hole nozzle falls between that of the single-hole and double-hole nozzles. Additionally, changing the injection angle results in jet-piston impingement at the periphery, leading to higher H2 concentration in those areas. This negatively affects the formation of an optimal air-fuel mixture. It is also found that changing the injection duration (ID) has no noticeable impact on the H2 jet's behavior.
AB - There is a growing interest in the utilization of hydrogen (H2), as a zero-carbon fuel, in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Accordingly, the primary focus of this study is to investigate low-pressure H2 jet dynamics, which play a vital role in air-fuel mixing especially in direct injection (DI) engines. High-speed z-type schlieren imaging is employed in a constant volume chamber to study the effect of nozzle geometry (single-hole, double-hole, and multi-hole), pressure ratios (PR = injection pressure (Pi)/chamber pressure (Pch)), injection angle (10°, 15°, and 20°), and injection duration (ID) on the H2 jet characteristics. Image post-processing is executed in MATLAB and Python to extract the H2 jet characteristics, including penetration and cross-sectional area. The novelty stems from the comprehensive investigation of H2 jet dynamics and impingement phenomenon under various engine-like conditions. The results indicate that apart from the fact that higher pressure ratios (PRs) improve the air-fuel mixing, the single-hole nozzle induces the fastest H2 jet penetration and the smallest cross-sectional area. Conversely, the double-hole nozzle leads to the slowest penetration and the most expansive cross-sectional area. The performance of the multi-hole nozzle falls between that of the single-hole and double-hole nozzles. Additionally, changing the injection angle results in jet-piston impingement at the periphery, leading to higher H2 concentration in those areas. This negatively affects the formation of an optimal air-fuel mixture. It is also found that changing the injection duration (ID) has no noticeable impact on the H2 jet's behavior.
KW - H jet
KW - Injection angle
KW - Injection duration
KW - Nozzle geometry
KW - Pressure ratio
KW - Z-type schlieren
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85192329329&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.296
DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.296
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85192329329
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 68
SP - 1423
EP - 1437
JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
ER -