Efficient indirect real-time EV charging method based on imperfect competition market

The smart charging techniques of electrical vehicles (EVs) are developed to minimize EVs' adverse effects on the power system. However, the existing techniques have some drawbacks. First, they use direct methods, which take the decision authority away from EVs' owner and reduce the EVs' acceptance and security. Second, they do not consider real-time effects of EVs' charging and discharging demand on the market. Finally, most of the existing techniques do not investigate the power system constraints due to nonlinearity of corresponding equations. In this paper, an indirect real-time charging technique based on Cournot imperfect competition model is developed. We propose a two-stage heuristic iterative method to find the market equilibrium and minimize each customer's cost while considering nonlinear constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by conducting simulations in the IEEE 37-bus test system with more than 300 EVs. The results show that the proposed technique can control the EVs charging optimally in real-time.