Effect of Droplet Size and Atomization on Spray Formation: A Priori Study Using Large-Eddy Simulation

The paper is mainly focused to the vast number of researchers who work within direct injection (DI) engine fuel spray simulations. The most common simulation framework today within the community is the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach together with the Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) method. In fact, this study is one of the first studies where high resolution LES/LPT diesel spray modeling is considered. The potential of LES to deepen the present day multidimensional LPT fuel spray simulations is discussed. Spray evolution is studied far from an injector by modeling a spray as a particle laden jet (PLJ). The effect of d on mixing in non-atomizing and atomizing sprays is thoroughly investigated at jet inlet Reynolds number Re = 10(4) and Mach number Ma = 0.3. Based on and justified by rather recent and also quite old ideas, novel and compact views on droplet breakup in turbulent flows are pointed out from the literature. We use LES/LPT to illustrate that even in a low Weber number flow (We <13) the droplet breakup modeling may need considerable attention in contrast to what is typically assumed in the present-day breakup models. LES and LPT techniques are first applied to essentially confirm certain expected droplet size effects on spray shape in non-atomizing monodisperse sprays. In the simulations LES e.g. produces an expected turbulent dispersion pattern that depends on droplet diameter (d) without a droplet dispersion model in contrast to RANS. A new compact droplet breakup model is formulated and tested for droplets that break with a natural resonance time rate according to the Poisson process. As a result of the study: 1) the analysis gives a rigorous and enriching proof of currently existing views on droplet size effects on mixing, and 2) the presented a priori analysis points out the importance of modeling the resonance breakup even at a low We.