Discrete element simulations on pressure ridge formation : How the length-inclusion facilitates new research avenues

Discrete element method (DEM) simulations are an effective tool to investigate seaice ridge formation processes. While past DEM studies were two-dimensional and, thus, focused on cross-section of ridges, we present three-dimensional simulations of pressure ridge formation. These simulations include ridges of various lengths, to highlight how it affects the ice failure and ridging forces. Additionally, we demonstrate that half of the ice rubble within a ridge starts to move again after initial rest. This short case study highlights the potential of three-dimensional DEM simulations to contribute to knowledge about ice ridge characteristics.