Demand Response in District-heated Buildings

Sonja Salo

Demand Response in District-heated Buildings

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Kulutusjousto kaukolämmitetyissä kiinteistöissä

Sonja Salo

Konetekniikan laitos

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Rakennusten lämmitys ja jäähdytys kuluttaa noin puolet Euroopan Unionin kokonaisenergiankulutuksesta. Sen tähden Euroopan komissio korostaa lämmitys- ja jäähdytyssektorin strategiassaan tapoja, joilla kehitetään energiaa säästäviä ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä vähentäviä ratkaisuja rakennuksissa. Kaukolämpö on eräs tehokkaimmista lämmitysmenetelmistä erityisesti kylmemmillä ja tiivisti asutetuilla alueilla. Kaukolämmön haasteena on keskitetyn tuotannon tuoma joustamattomuus ja toisaalta suuret päivä- ja kausitason kulutuksen vaihtelut. Lisäksi kaukolämpöä tuotetaan pääasiallisesti fossiilisilla polttoaineilla ja siten kaukolämpöjärjestelmillä on paineita käyttää vähähiilisiä sekä kustannustehokkaampia järjestelmiä. Kaukolämmityksessä on korostunut viime vuosina palvelut. Esimerkiksi kiinteistön sisäilmaolosuhteisiin kiinnitetään yhä enemmän huomiota. Uusimmissa sisäilmaluokituksissa keskitytään ihmisten viihtyvyyteen rakennuksissa, millä saavutetaan paitsi terveyttä myös parempaa työtehokkuutta. Siksi rakennusten lämmitysjärjestelmissä otetaan ensisijaisesti ihmisten viihtyvyys huomioon. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan joustavuuden lisäämistä kaukolämpöjärjestelmään kulutusjoustolla avulla sekä kaukolämmitettyjen kohteiden loppukäyttäjien lämpöviihtyvyyttä kulutusjouston aikana. Tässä kontekstissa kulutusjoustolla tarkoitetaan ohjaustoimenpiteitä tilojen lämmityksessä vesikiertoisissa patteriverkostoissa. Tässä väitöskirjassa kehitetään sääntöpohjaisia ohjausalgoritmeja, joilla säädetään lämpöolosuhteita huonekohtaisesti ohjaamalla pilvipalveluun liitettyjä vesikiertoisia patteritermostaatteja. Näitä ohjausalgoritmeja sovelletaan kaukolämmitetyissä toimistokiinteistöissä.Nämä ohjausalgoritmit mahdollistavat yksilöllisen lämpöviihtyvyyden kulutusjouston aikana. Lisäksi mallinnetaan erilaisten kulutusjoustostrategioiden vaikutusta yhteis- ja erillistuotannon kulurakenteeseen ja päästöihin kaukolämpöverkossa. Väitöskirjan tulokset osoittavat, kiinteistön käyttäjät raportoivat heikompaa lämpöviihtyvyyttä kulutusjoustopäivinä. Mallinnustulokset osoittavat myös, että kaukolämmön kulutusjousto rakennusten termistä massaa hyödyntäen on vain vähän hyötyä kaukolämpöyhtiölle. Siten itse kulutusjousto ei tuo myöskään säästöä rakennuksen omistajalle. Kenttätutkimukset kuitenkin osoittavat, että huonekohtaisella säädöllä mahdollistetaan yksilöllinen lämmitys, jolla voidaan säästää energiaa myös ennestään energiatehokkaissa toimistokiinteistöissä.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Kulutusjousto kaukolämmitetyissä kiinteistöissä
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Syri, Sanna, Vastuuprofessori Syri, Sanna, Ohjaaja
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-64-0248-2
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-64-0249-9
Tila	Julkaistu - 2021
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Tohtorinväitöskirja (artikkeli)

Tutkimusalat

kaukolämpö
energiatehokkuus
kulutusjousto
esineiden internet
joustavuus
lämpöviihtyvyys

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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-64-0249-9

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title = "Demand Response in District-heated Buildings",

abstract = "Heating and cooling account for approximately half of the total energy consumption in the European Union. That is why the European Commission in its strategy for the heating and cooling sector is emphasising ways to develop energy-saving and greenhouse gas-reducing solutions in buildings. District heating is one of the most efficient heating methods, especially in colder and densely populated areas. The challenges of district heating are large fluctuations in daily and seasonal consumption that are difficult to mitigate in the inflexible centralised production system. Additionally, district heating is mainly produced with fossil fuels and, thus, it is facing a shift towards low-carbon as well as more cost-effective systems. On the other hand, attention is being paid to the indoor air conditions in properties. The latest indoor air classifications focus on the thermal comfort of individuals in buildings that promote not only a healthy environment but also increased work efficiency. Therefore, heating control systems in buildings give priority to the comfort of people. This dissertation investigates the addition of flexibility to the district heating system by using the thermal inertia of building structures, as well as the thermal comfort of individuals during periods of demand response. In this dissertation, demand response refers to control measures for space heating in water-circulating radiator networks as a response for external requirements in demand. This dissertation develops rule-based control algorithms for room-level temperature control via water-circulating radiator thermostats connected to a cloud service. These control algorithms are applied in district-heated office buildings. The system allows for individual thermal comfort while performing optimised and targeted heating control. In addition, a district heating system with dynamic heating pricing was modeled for evaluating demand response by shifting loads in time on the building level and by utilising a centralised thermal energy storage. The results of the dissertation show that individuals report poorer thermal comfort than previously anticipated on days of demand response. Additionally, the modeling results also show that the demand flexibility of district heating utilising the thermal mass of buildings is of little benefit to the district heating company. Thus, demand response itself does not bring savings to the property owner either. However, field studies show that room-based control enables individual heating, which can save energy even in highly energy-efficient office buildings.",

keywords = "district heating, energy efficiency, demand response, internet of things, flexibility, thermal comfort, kaukol{\"a}mp{\"o}, energiatehokkuus, kulutusjousto, esineiden internet, joustavuus, l{\"a}mp{\"o}viihtyvyys, district heating, energy efficiency, demand response, internet of things, flexibility, thermal comfort",

author = "Sonja Salo",

year = "2021",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-64-0248-2",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "11",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - THES

T1 - Demand Response in District-heated Buildings

AU - Salo, Sonja

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Heating and cooling account for approximately half of the total energy consumption in the European Union. That is why the European Commission in its strategy for the heating and cooling sector is emphasising ways to develop energy-saving and greenhouse gas-reducing solutions in buildings. District heating is one of the most efficient heating methods, especially in colder and densely populated areas. The challenges of district heating are large fluctuations in daily and seasonal consumption that are difficult to mitigate in the inflexible centralised production system. Additionally, district heating is mainly produced with fossil fuels and, thus, it is facing a shift towards low-carbon as well as more cost-effective systems. On the other hand, attention is being paid to the indoor air conditions in properties. The latest indoor air classifications focus on the thermal comfort of individuals in buildings that promote not only a healthy environment but also increased work efficiency. Therefore, heating control systems in buildings give priority to the comfort of people. This dissertation investigates the addition of flexibility to the district heating system by using the thermal inertia of building structures, as well as the thermal comfort of individuals during periods of demand response. In this dissertation, demand response refers to control measures for space heating in water-circulating radiator networks as a response for external requirements in demand. This dissertation develops rule-based control algorithms for room-level temperature control via water-circulating radiator thermostats connected to a cloud service. These control algorithms are applied in district-heated office buildings. The system allows for individual thermal comfort while performing optimised and targeted heating control. In addition, a district heating system with dynamic heating pricing was modeled for evaluating demand response by shifting loads in time on the building level and by utilising a centralised thermal energy storage. The results of the dissertation show that individuals report poorer thermal comfort than previously anticipated on days of demand response. Additionally, the modeling results also show that the demand flexibility of district heating utilising the thermal mass of buildings is of little benefit to the district heating company. Thus, demand response itself does not bring savings to the property owner either. However, field studies show that room-based control enables individual heating, which can save energy even in highly energy-efficient office buildings.

AB - Heating and cooling account for approximately half of the total energy consumption in the European Union. That is why the European Commission in its strategy for the heating and cooling sector is emphasising ways to develop energy-saving and greenhouse gas-reducing solutions in buildings. District heating is one of the most efficient heating methods, especially in colder and densely populated areas. The challenges of district heating are large fluctuations in daily and seasonal consumption that are difficult to mitigate in the inflexible centralised production system. Additionally, district heating is mainly produced with fossil fuels and, thus, it is facing a shift towards low-carbon as well as more cost-effective systems. On the other hand, attention is being paid to the indoor air conditions in properties. The latest indoor air classifications focus on the thermal comfort of individuals in buildings that promote not only a healthy environment but also increased work efficiency. Therefore, heating control systems in buildings give priority to the comfort of people. This dissertation investigates the addition of flexibility to the district heating system by using the thermal inertia of building structures, as well as the thermal comfort of individuals during periods of demand response. In this dissertation, demand response refers to control measures for space heating in water-circulating radiator networks as a response for external requirements in demand. This dissertation develops rule-based control algorithms for room-level temperature control via water-circulating radiator thermostats connected to a cloud service. These control algorithms are applied in district-heated office buildings. The system allows for individual thermal comfort while performing optimised and targeted heating control. In addition, a district heating system with dynamic heating pricing was modeled for evaluating demand response by shifting loads in time on the building level and by utilising a centralised thermal energy storage. The results of the dissertation show that individuals report poorer thermal comfort than previously anticipated on days of demand response. Additionally, the modeling results also show that the demand flexibility of district heating utilising the thermal mass of buildings is of little benefit to the district heating company. Thus, demand response itself does not bring savings to the property owner either. However, field studies show that room-based control enables individual heating, which can save energy even in highly energy-efficient office buildings.

KW - district heating

KW - energy efficiency

KW - demand response

KW - internet of things

KW - flexibility

KW - thermal comfort

KW - kaukolämpö

KW - energiatehokkuus

KW - kulutusjousto

KW - esineiden internet

KW - joustavuus

KW - lämpöviihtyvyys

KW - district heating

KW - energy efficiency

KW - demand response

KW - internet of things

KW - flexibility

KW - thermal comfort

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-64-0248-2

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Demand Response in District-heated Buildings

Abstrakti

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