Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction

Mikko Mäkelä

Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction

Julkaisun otsikon käännös: Metsä- ja terästeollisuuden poisteiden hyötykäyttöpotentiaalin arviointia sekventiaalisella kemiallisella uutolla

Mikko Mäkelä

Tutkimustuotos: Doctoral Thesis › Collection of Articles

Abstrakti

Perinteiset prosessiteollisuuden alat Suomessa ja ulkomailla ovat kohtaamassa kasvavan jätehuolto-ongelman johtuen läjitykseen liittyvien kustannusten kasvusta sekä läjityskohteiden saatavuuden heikkenemisestä. Suurille tuotannonaloille, kuten metsä- ja metalliteollisuudelle, erillisten toimijoiden yhteistyö saattaisi mahdollistaa jäte-leimaisten prosessipoisteiden hyödyntämisen uusien, neitseellisiä vaihtoehtoja korvaavien materiaalien valmistuksessa. Symbioottinen yhteistyö teollisten toimijoiden kesken auttaisi siten kehittämään nykyisiä lineaarisia resurssikulutuksen malleja syklisempään suuntaan sekä säästämään arvokkaita materiaali- ja energiaresursseja. Työn tavoitteena oli hyödyntää metsä- ja terästeollisuuden kiinteitä prosessipoisteita uusien, maa- tai metsätalouteen soveltuvien, maanparannusaineiden kokeellisessa valmistuksessa. Valmistetuista näytteistä yksittäisillä uuttokokeilla määritettyjen haitta-aineiden pitoisuuksia verrattiin kansallisessa lainsäädännössä määrättyihin raja-arvoihin sekä sekventiaalisilla uuttosarjoilla pyrittiin arvioimaan mahdollisesti luonnonolosuhteissa liukoisia haitta-ainepitoisuuksia. Lisäksi, analyyttisen työn laatua sekä käytetyn sekventiaalisen uuttosarjan soveltuvuutta teollisuudesta peräisin olevan kiinteän prosessipoisteen analysointiin pyrittiin vastaavasti arvioimaan vertailumateriaalitulosten sekä rinnakkaisuuttojäännöksille suoritettujen röntgendiffraktioanalyysien avulla. Tulosten perusteella metsä- ja terästeollisuudesta peräisin olevien poisteiden, kuten lentotuhkien, kalkkijätteiden, soodasakan, lietteiden ja kuonien, yhdistäminen johti kaupallisiin vaihtoehtoihin verrattaviin kalkitusarvoihin (34.9-38.3%, Ca ekv., ka.). Ainoastaan ensimmäisinä valmistettujen koekappaleiden todettiin sisältävän kohonneita kadmiumin sekä kromin kokonaispitoisuuksia, joista kromin todettiin esiintyvän hapetusluvultaan kolmenarvoisena. Sekventiaalisten uuttosarjojen perusteella suurin osa vastaavista kadmiumin ja kromin kokonaispitoisuuksista saatiin muunnettua liukoiseen muotoon ainoastaan aggressiivisten hapetusten tai happomärkäpolttojen avulla. Bariumin ja vanadiinin kohdalla todettiin kuitenkin kohonneita kokonaispitoisuuksia, joista 17-31% sekä 12-46% vastaavasti liukenivat desorption/helppoliukoisten yhdisteiden hajoamisen tai pelkistymisen seurauksena, mikä tukee tarvetta lisätutkimuksille. Työn analyyttinen laatu todettiin vertailumateriaalitulosten perusteella hyväksi rinnakkaisuuttojäännöksille suoritettujen röntgendiffraktioanalyysien tukiessa selektiivisyyden puutetta poistenäytteessä havaitun periklaasin suhteen yhdistettynä magnesiumin uudelleenjakautumiseen sekä näytteessä havaittujen silikaattien ennenaikaiseen liukenemiseen.

Julkaisun otsikon käännös	Metsä- ja terästeollisuuden poisteiden hyötykäyttöpotentiaalin arviointia sekventiaalisella kemiallisella uutolla
Alkuperäiskieli	Englanti
Pätevyys	Tohtorintutkinto
Myöntävä instituutio	Aalto-yliopisto
Valvoja/neuvonantaja	Dahl, Olli, Vastuuprofessori Heino, Jyrki, Ohjaaja, Ulkoinen henkilö Pöykiö, Risto, Ohjaaja, Ulkoinen henkilö Nurmesniemi, Hannu, Ohjaaja, Ulkoinen henkilö
Kustantaja	Aalto University
Painoksen ISBN	978-952-60-4788-1, 978-952-60-4789-8
Sähköinen ISBN	978-952-60-4790-4
Tila	Julkaistu - 2012
OKM-julkaisutyyppi	G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja

Tutkimusalat

haitta-aine
liukoisuus
maanparannus
poiste
sivutuote
jätehuolto

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Tämä tuotos edistää seuraavia kestävän kehityksen tavoitteita:

Pääsy asiakirjaan

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-4790-4

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@phdthesis{d51c0188935c47a58bfebe3b2211db0c,

title = "Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction",

abstract = "Traditional process industries in Finland and abroad are facing an emerging waste disposal problem due recent regulatory development which has increased the costs of landfill disposal and difficulty in acquiring new sites. For large manufacturers, such as the forest and ferrous metals industries, symbiotic cooperation of formerly separate industrial sectors could enable the utilisation waste-labeled residues in manufacturing novel residue-derived materials suitable for replacing commercial virgin alternatives. Such efforts would allow transforming the current linear resource use and disposal models to more cyclical ones and thus attain savings in valuable materials and energy resources. The work described in this thesis was aimed at utilising forest and carbon steel industry residues in the experimental manufacture of novel residue-derived materials technically and environmentally suitable for amending agricultural or forest soil properties. Single and sequential chemical extractions were used to compare the pseudo-total concentrations of trace elements in the manufactured amendment samples to relevant Finnish statutory limit values for the use of fertilizer products and to assess respective potential availability under natural conditions. In addition, the quality of analytical work and the suitability of sequential extraction in the analysis of an industrial solid sample were respectively evaluated through the analysis of a certified reference material and by X-ray diffraction of parallel sequential extraction residues. According to the acquired data, the incorporation of both forest and steel industry residues, such as fly ashes, lime wastes, green liquor dregs, sludges and slags, led to amendment liming capacities (34.9-38.3%, Ca equiv., d.w.) comparable to relevant commercial alternatives. Only the first experimental samples showed increased concentrations of pseudo-total cadmium and chromium, of which the latter was specified as the trivalent Cr(III). Based on sequential extraction, dominant cadmium and chromium contents were respectively made available only through aggressive oxidation or dissolution by acid digestion. However, the pseudo-total concentrations of barium and vanadium, of which 17-31% and 12-46% were respectively recovered through desorption/dissolution by the use of acetic acid and moderate reduction by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, suggest the need for further research. The analytical performance during sequential extraction was validated through the analysis of a certified reference material as the analysis of parallel sequential extractions only suggested non-selectivity towards sample periclase coupled with potential redistribution of magnesium and the premature dissolution of sample silicates.",

keywords = "soil amendment, solid residue, solubility, trace element, waste management, haitta-aine, liukoisuus, maanparannus, poiste, sivutuote, j{\"a}tehuolto, soil amendment, solid residue, solubility, trace element, waste management",

author = "Mikko M{\"a}kel{\"a}",

year = "2012",

language = "English",

isbn = "978-952-60-4788-1",

series = "Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS",

publisher = "Aalto University",

number = "121",

address = "Finland",

school = "Aalto University",

}

TY - BOOK

T1 - Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction

AU - Mäkelä, Mikko

PY - 2012

Y1 - 2012

N2 - Traditional process industries in Finland and abroad are facing an emerging waste disposal problem due recent regulatory development which has increased the costs of landfill disposal and difficulty in acquiring new sites. For large manufacturers, such as the forest and ferrous metals industries, symbiotic cooperation of formerly separate industrial sectors could enable the utilisation waste-labeled residues in manufacturing novel residue-derived materials suitable for replacing commercial virgin alternatives. Such efforts would allow transforming the current linear resource use and disposal models to more cyclical ones and thus attain savings in valuable materials and energy resources. The work described in this thesis was aimed at utilising forest and carbon steel industry residues in the experimental manufacture of novel residue-derived materials technically and environmentally suitable for amending agricultural or forest soil properties. Single and sequential chemical extractions were used to compare the pseudo-total concentrations of trace elements in the manufactured amendment samples to relevant Finnish statutory limit values for the use of fertilizer products and to assess respective potential availability under natural conditions. In addition, the quality of analytical work and the suitability of sequential extraction in the analysis of an industrial solid sample were respectively evaluated through the analysis of a certified reference material and by X-ray diffraction of parallel sequential extraction residues. According to the acquired data, the incorporation of both forest and steel industry residues, such as fly ashes, lime wastes, green liquor dregs, sludges and slags, led to amendment liming capacities (34.9-38.3%, Ca equiv., d.w.) comparable to relevant commercial alternatives. Only the first experimental samples showed increased concentrations of pseudo-total cadmium and chromium, of which the latter was specified as the trivalent Cr(III). Based on sequential extraction, dominant cadmium and chromium contents were respectively made available only through aggressive oxidation or dissolution by acid digestion. However, the pseudo-total concentrations of barium and vanadium, of which 17-31% and 12-46% were respectively recovered through desorption/dissolution by the use of acetic acid and moderate reduction by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, suggest the need for further research. The analytical performance during sequential extraction was validated through the analysis of a certified reference material as the analysis of parallel sequential extractions only suggested non-selectivity towards sample periclase coupled with potential redistribution of magnesium and the premature dissolution of sample silicates.

AB - Traditional process industries in Finland and abroad are facing an emerging waste disposal problem due recent regulatory development which has increased the costs of landfill disposal and difficulty in acquiring new sites. For large manufacturers, such as the forest and ferrous metals industries, symbiotic cooperation of formerly separate industrial sectors could enable the utilisation waste-labeled residues in manufacturing novel residue-derived materials suitable for replacing commercial virgin alternatives. Such efforts would allow transforming the current linear resource use and disposal models to more cyclical ones and thus attain savings in valuable materials and energy resources. The work described in this thesis was aimed at utilising forest and carbon steel industry residues in the experimental manufacture of novel residue-derived materials technically and environmentally suitable for amending agricultural or forest soil properties. Single and sequential chemical extractions were used to compare the pseudo-total concentrations of trace elements in the manufactured amendment samples to relevant Finnish statutory limit values for the use of fertilizer products and to assess respective potential availability under natural conditions. In addition, the quality of analytical work and the suitability of sequential extraction in the analysis of an industrial solid sample were respectively evaluated through the analysis of a certified reference material and by X-ray diffraction of parallel sequential extraction residues. According to the acquired data, the incorporation of both forest and steel industry residues, such as fly ashes, lime wastes, green liquor dregs, sludges and slags, led to amendment liming capacities (34.9-38.3%, Ca equiv., d.w.) comparable to relevant commercial alternatives. Only the first experimental samples showed increased concentrations of pseudo-total cadmium and chromium, of which the latter was specified as the trivalent Cr(III). Based on sequential extraction, dominant cadmium and chromium contents were respectively made available only through aggressive oxidation or dissolution by acid digestion. However, the pseudo-total concentrations of barium and vanadium, of which 17-31% and 12-46% were respectively recovered through desorption/dissolution by the use of acetic acid and moderate reduction by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, suggest the need for further research. The analytical performance during sequential extraction was validated through the analysis of a certified reference material as the analysis of parallel sequential extractions only suggested non-selectivity towards sample periclase coupled with potential redistribution of magnesium and the premature dissolution of sample silicates.

KW - soil amendment

KW - solid residue

KW - solubility

KW - trace element

KW - waste management

KW - haitta-aine

KW - liukoisuus

KW - maanparannus

KW - poiste

KW - sivutuote

KW - jätehuolto

KW - soil amendment

KW - solid residue

KW - solubility

KW - trace element

KW - waste management

M3 - Doctoral Thesis

SN - 978-952-60-4788-1

SN - 978-952-60-4789-8

T3 - Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS

PB - Aalto University

ER -

Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction

Abstrakti

Tutkimusalat

YK:n kestävän kehityksen tavoitteet

Pääsy asiakirjaan

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