Utilizing environment-friendly eugenol as a diluent with trioctylamine for the reactive extraction of aqueous levulinic acid

This paper focuses on the reactive extraction of levulinic acid (LA) from aqueous solution by reactive extraction. This goal is achieved using eugenol, a green alternative in the industry, as a solvent in the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) measurements for the ternary system of LA + Eugenol + H₂O and quaternary systems of LA + Eugenol/ Methanol (MeOH) + H₂O + Tri-n-octylamine (TOA) at T = 293.15 K. Additionally, the distribution coefficients (K_D) were calculated for LA using the two diluents. Also, the ability of different diluents with TOA, in the extraction of LA were compared. The distribution coefficient of eugenol with TOA (K_D = 9.44) is compared with other organic diluents which indicated that eugenol is a suitable option. MeOH, being the shortest chain alcohol, also turned out to be a diluent that could be utilized for extraction of LA with TOA. Furthermore, the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) excess Gibbs energy model was applied to correlate the measured phase equilibria. The obtained parameters were further validated using a decanter model.