Using Process Modelling Approach and Qualitative Data to Build a Unified Understanding of Icebreaker Operations

Icebreaker operation is critical to maritime operations in ice-covered waters, as it contributes to the navigation safety
and efficiency. However, the complexity of icebreaker operations, due to the challenging operational environment
and the involvement of multiple components, remains largely undocumented. This lack of documentation has led to
a limited understanding of the processes and missed opportunities for analysis and optimization of the operations.
To address this gap, this study serves as a pilot for modelling icebreaker operation processes by leveraging data
from a 10-day expedition onboard an operational icebreaker in the Baltic Sea. Through observations and interviews
with expert crew members, the study identifies key activities, events, data resources used in decision-making, and
workflows. The icebreaker operations are modelled using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to
represent the sequence of events, key activities, and decision-making processes. The formalized process model
provides a structured representation of icebreaker operations, serving as a foundation for optimizing workflows,
designing simulation models, automating decision-making, enhancing crew training, and supporting further analysis
and research. This model can help to improve safety, reliability, and efficiency in ice-covered waters, while also
supporting real-world applications and research that depend on precise process documentation.