Tree species classification using within crown localization of waveform LiDAR attributes

Rosmarie Blomley*, Aarne Hovi, Martin Weinmann, Stefan Hinz, Ilkka Korpela, Boris Jutzi

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleScientificpeer-review

33 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Since forest planning is increasingly taking an ecological, diversity-oriented perspective into account, remote sensing technologies are becoming ever more important in assessing existing resources with reduced manual effort. While the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology provides a good basis for predictions of tree height and biomass, tree species identification based on this type of data is particularly challenging in structurally heterogeneous forests. In this paper, we analyse existing approaches with respect to the geometrical scale of feature extraction (whole tree, within crown partitions or within laser footprint) and conclude that currently features are always extracted separately from the different scales. Since multi-scale approaches however have proven successful in other applications, we aim to utilize the within-tree-crown distribution of within-footprint signal characteristics as additional features. To do so, a spin image algorithm, originally devised for the extraction of 3D surface features in object recognition, is adapted. This algorithm relies on spinning an image plane around a defined axis, e.g. the tree stem, collecting the number of LiDAR returns or mean values of returns attributes per pixel as respective values. Based on this representation, spin image features are extracted that comprise only those components of highest variability among a given set of library trees. The relative performance and the combined improvement of these spin image features with respect to non-spatial statistical metrics of the waveform (WF) attributes are evaluated for the tree species classification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Silver/Downy birch (Betula pendula Roth/Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in a boreal forest environment. This evaluation is performed for two WF LiDAR datasets that differ in footprint size, pulse density at ground, laser wavelength and pulse width. Furthermore, we evaluate the robustness of the proposed method with respect to internal parameters and tree size. The results reveal, that the consideration of the crown-internal distribution of within-footprint signal characteristics captured in spin image features improves the classification results in nearly all test cases.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)142-156
Number of pages15
JournalISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Volume133
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Nov 2017
MoE publication typeA1 Journal article-refereed

Keywords

  • Classification
  • Feature design
  • Geometric features
  • Multi-scale
  • Tree species
  • WF-recording LiDAR

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