Transparency and Explainability of AI Systems: Ethical Guidelines in Practice

[Context and Motivation] Recent studies have highlighted transparency and explainability as important quality requirements of AI systems. However, there are still relatively few case studies that describe the current state of defining these quality requirements in practice. [Question] The goal of our study was to explore what ethical guidelines organizations have defined for the development of transparent and explainable AI systems. We analyzed the ethical guidelines in 16 organizations representing different industries and public sector. [Results] In the ethical guidelines, the importance of transparency was highlighted by almost all of the organizations, and explainability was considered as an integral part of transparency. Building trust in AI systems was one of the key reasons for developing transparency and explainability, and customers and users were raised as the main target groups of the explanations. The organizations also mentioned developers, partners, and stakeholders as important groups needing explanations. The ethical guidelines contained the following aspects of the AI system that should be explained: the purpose, role of AI, inputs, behavior, data utilized, outputs, and limitations. The guidelines also pointed out that transparency and explainability relate to several other quality requirements, such as trustworthiness, understandability, traceability, privacy, auditability, and fairness. [Contribution] For researchers, this paper provides insights into what organizations consider important in the transparency and, in particular, explainability of AI systems. For practitioners, this study suggests a structured way to define explainability requirements of AI systems.