Top ten super-adsorbents for removal of textile dyes from wastewater

There is a continuous interest in developing adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and low prices for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment. The removal of textile dyes from wastewater by the adsorption process has been investigated in many scientific papers. The aim of this review paper was to report on the top ten superadsorbents (with maximum adsorption capacity above 500 mg/g) for the selected textile dyes from various classes (i.e., 2 Acid dyes, 2 Direct dyes, 3 Reactive dyes, and 2 Cationic dyes). Identifying the top ten superadsorbents required an extensive literature review to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant studies. Extracting accurate data on maximum adsorption capacities was particularly challenging due to inconsistencies in experimental conditions, measurement methods, and reporting across publications. This review paper contains valuable information about the dye superadsorbents, their synthesis, properties, adsorption mechanism, isotherm, kinetics, and the effect of various parameters on dye adsorption. We also discussed the advantages and shortcomings of the reported superadsorbents to provide other scholars with an insightful overview of this broad field and enable them to develop better superadsorbents. This work highlights promising directions for future research aimed at developing more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly adsorbents, ultimately advancing sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.