TY - JOUR
T1 - Synchronizing gas injections and time-resolved data acquisition for perturbation-enhanced APXPS experiments
AU - Redekop, Evgeniy A.
AU - Johansson, Niclas
AU - Kokkonen, Esko
AU - Urpelainen, Samuli
AU - Lopes Da Silva, Felipe
AU - Kaipio, Mikko
AU - Nieminen, Heta Elisa
AU - Rehman, Foqia
AU - Miikkulainen, Ville
AU - Ritala, Mikko
AU - Olsbye, Unni
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) under Contract No. 272266 (TAPXPS project) and the European Regional Development Fund (Interreg Öresun-Kattegat-Skagerrak ESS & MAX IV: Cross Border Science and Society, MAX4ESSFUN, Ref. No. MAX-004). S.U. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Project SURFACE (Grant Agreement No. 717022), and the Academy of Finland (Grant No. 326291). The ALD-related research was financed by the Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, and the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 295696 and 309552). We acknowledge MAX IV Laboratory for time on the SPECIES beamline. Research conducted at MAX IV, a Swedish national user facility, was supported by the Swedish Research council under Contract No. 2018-07152, the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems under Contract No. 2018-04969, and Formas under Contract No. 2019-02496. The authors acknowledge technical support from many colleagues at MAX-IV and UiO. Last, but not least, the authors would like to express their gratitude for many inspiring discussions with Professor John Gleaves and Mr. John Gleaves, Jr. of Mithra Technologies (USA), Dr. Rebecca Fushimi of Idaho National Laboratory (USA), Professor Joachim Schnadt of Lund University (Sweden), and Dr. Spyros Diplas of SINTEF Industry (Norway), which contributed to finding many solutions, asking even more questions, and maintaining the spirit of adventure during this work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Author(s).
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/4/1
Y1 - 2021/4/1
N2 - An experimental approach is described in which well-defined perturbations of the gas feed into an Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS) cell are fully synchronized with the time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data acquisition. These experiments unlock new possibilities for investigating the properties of materials and chemical reactions mediated by their surfaces, such as those in heterogeneous catalysis, surface science, and coating/deposition applications. Implementation of this approach, which is termed perturbation-enhanced APXPS, at the SPECIES beamline of MAX IV Laboratory is discussed along with several experimental examples including individual pulses of N2 gas over a Au foil, a multi-pulse titration of oxygen vacancies in a pre-reduced TiO2 single crystal with O2 gas, and a sequence of alternating precursor pulses for atomic layer deposition of TiO2 on a silicon wafer substrate.
AB - An experimental approach is described in which well-defined perturbations of the gas feed into an Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS) cell are fully synchronized with the time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data acquisition. These experiments unlock new possibilities for investigating the properties of materials and chemical reactions mediated by their surfaces, such as those in heterogeneous catalysis, surface science, and coating/deposition applications. Implementation of this approach, which is termed perturbation-enhanced APXPS, at the SPECIES beamline of MAX IV Laboratory is discussed along with several experimental examples including individual pulses of N2 gas over a Au foil, a multi-pulse titration of oxygen vacancies in a pre-reduced TiO2 single crystal with O2 gas, and a sequence of alternating precursor pulses for atomic layer deposition of TiO2 on a silicon wafer substrate.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103795364&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1063/5.0039957
DO - 10.1063/5.0039957
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103795364
SN - 0034-6748
VL - 92
JO - Review of Scientific Instruments
JF - Review of Scientific Instruments
IS - 4
M1 - 044101
ER -