Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Aleksi Tamminen; Mariangela Baggio; Irina Nefedova; Qiushuo Sun; Juha Anttila; Juha Ala-Laurinaho; Elliot R. Brown; Vincent P. Wallace; Emma Pickwell-Macpherson; Thaddeus Maloney; Mika Salkola; Sophie X. Deng; Zachary D. Taylor

doi:10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Aleksi Tamminen^*
, Mariangela Baggio
, Irina Nefedova
, Qiushuo Sun
, Juha Anttila
, Juha Ala-Laurinaho
, Elliot R. Brown
, Vincent P. Wallace
, Emma Pickwell-Macpherson
, Thaddeus Maloney
, Mika Salkola
, Sophie X. Deng
, Zachary D. Taylor

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49 - contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

Original language	English
Article number	9451620
Pages (from-to)	538-547
Number of pages	10
Journal	IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
Volume	11
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273
Publication status	Published - Sept 2021
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

Manuscript received December 17, 2020; revised April 9, 2021; accepted May 25, 2021. Date of publication June 10, 2021; date of current version September 2, 2021. The development of the quasioptical system and ex vivo sheep corneas are provided by Icare Finland Oy. This work has been funded as research project AGRUM through Academy of Finland programme Radiation Detectors for Health, Safety and Security (RADDESS). This work has been carried out in MilliLab, an external laboratory of the European Space Agency. (Corresponding author: Aleksi Tamminen.) Aleksi Tamminen, Mariangela Baggio, Irina Nefedova, Juha Anttila, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, and Zachary D. Taylor are with the Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]).

Keywords

Gelatin hydrogel
submillimeter-wave spectroscopy
water content

Access to Document

10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

Cite this

Tamminen, A., Baggio, M., Nefedova, I., Sun, Q., Anttila, J., Ala-Laurinaho, J., Brown, E. R., Wallace, V. P., Pickwell-Macpherson, E., Maloney, T., Salkola, M., Deng, S. X., & Taylor, Z. D. (2021). Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 11(5), 538-547. Article 9451620. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

@article{6e31ed3038804f8dad1d484104c69815,

title = "Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy",

abstract = "This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77\% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49 - contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.",

keywords = "Gelatin hydrogel, submillimeter-wave spectroscopy, water content",

author = "Aleksi Tamminen and Mariangela Baggio and Irina Nefedova and Qiushuo Sun and Juha Anttila and Juha Ala-Laurinaho and Brown, \{Elliot R.\} and Wallace, \{Vincent P.\} and Emma Pickwell-Macpherson and Thaddeus Maloney and Mika Salkola and Deng, \{Sophie X.\} and Taylor, \{Zachary D.\}",

note = "Funding Information: Manuscript received December 17, 2020; revised April 9, 2021; accepted May 25, 2021. Date of publication June 10, 2021; date of current version September 2, 2021. The development of the quasioptical system and ex vivo sheep corneas are provided by Icare Finland Oy. This work has been funded as research project AGRUM through Academy of Finland programme Radiation Detectors for Health, Safety and Security (RADDESS). This work has been carried out in MilliLab, an external laboratory of the European Space Agency. (Corresponding author: Aleksi Tamminen.) Aleksi Tamminen, Mariangela Baggio, Irina Nefedova, Juha Anttila, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, and Zachary D. Taylor are with the Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2011-2012 IEEE.",

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language = "English",

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Tamminen, A, Baggio, M, Nefedova, I, Sun, Q, Anttila, J, Ala-Laurinaho, J, Brown, ER, Wallace, VP, Pickwell-Macpherson, E, Maloney, T, Salkola, M, Deng, SX & Taylor, ZD 2021, 'Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy', IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 5, 9451620, pp. 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

TY - JOUR

T1 - Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

AU - Tamminen, Aleksi

AU - Baggio, Mariangela

AU - Nefedova, Irina

AU - Sun, Qiushuo

AU - Anttila, Juha

AU - Ala-Laurinaho, Juha

AU - Brown, Elliot R.

AU - Wallace, Vincent P.

AU - Pickwell-Macpherson, Emma

AU - Maloney, Thaddeus

AU - Salkola, Mika

AU - Deng, Sophie X.

AU - Taylor, Zachary D.

N1 - Funding Information: Manuscript received December 17, 2020; revised April 9, 2021; accepted May 25, 2021. Date of publication June 10, 2021; date of current version September 2, 2021. The development of the quasioptical system and ex vivo sheep corneas are provided by Icare Finland Oy. This work has been funded as research project AGRUM through Academy of Finland programme Radiation Detectors for Health, Safety and Security (RADDESS). This work has been carried out in MilliLab, an external laboratory of the European Space Agency. (Corresponding author: Aleksi Tamminen.) Aleksi Tamminen, Mariangela Baggio, Irina Nefedova, Juha Anttila, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, and Zachary D. Taylor are with the Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-02150, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). Publisher Copyright: © 2011-2012 IEEE.

PY - 2021/9

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N2 - This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49 - contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

AB - This article presents measurements of the permittivity of gelatin hydrogels between 220 and 330 GHz. Hydrated gelatin was treated as a binary mixture of free water and a compound consisting of water bound to collagen. Submillimeter-wave reflectometry was used to estimate the hydrated gelatin permittivity, hydrated gelatin density, and free-water volume fraction in phantoms composed of 62, 67, 72, and 77% water by weight. A hydrated dry/wet density ratio of 0.335 was validated with optical-coherence tomography. A constant nonfreezing bound-water mass of 0.6 g/g was observed and confirmed with differential-scanning calorimetry. Good agreement between results from different modalities supports the dielectric spectroscopy methods and data analysis. Depending on the hydrodynamics at the sample/air interface, measurements indicate a bound-water compound permittivity of 3.77-j2.52 to 3.95-j2.49 - contrasting the pure-water average permittivity of 5.16-j5.63. The loss related to bound water was much higher than anticipated and characterization will help reduce uncertainty in measurements of gelatin hydrogel-based tissue phantoms; particularly corneal phantoms where adjacent free water creates complex hydration gradients. This is the first known, submillimeter-wave, frequency domain measurement of complex permittivity of the bound-water component in solid, proteinaceous matter.

KW - Gelatin hydrogel

KW - submillimeter-wave spectroscopy

KW - water content

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85114321871

U2 - 10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

DO - 10.1109/TTHZ.2021.3088273

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85114321871

SN - 2156-342X

VL - 11

SP - 538

EP - 547

JO - IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology

JF - IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology

IS - 5

M1 - 9451620

ER -

Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Abstract

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AGRUM: Assessment of the Graft Rejection Using Millimeter Waves

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Submillimeter-Wave Permittivity Measurements of Bound Water in Collagen Hydrogels via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

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Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

AGRUM: Assessment of the Graft Rejection Using Millimeter Waves

Cite this