Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Ilkka Laakso; Margarethus Marius Paulides; Sachiko Kodera; Seungyoung Ahn; Christopher L. Brace; Marta Cavagnaro; Ji Chen; Zhi De Deng; Valerio De Santis; Yinliang Diao; Lourdes Farrugia; Mauro Feliziani; Serena Fiocchi; Francesco Fioranelli; Takashi Hikage; Sergey Makaroff; Maya Mizuno; Alexander Opitz; Emma Pickwell-MacPherson; Punit Prakash; Dario B. Rodrigues; Kensuke Sasaki; Takuya Sakamoto; Zachary Taylor; Hubregt J. Visser; Desmond T.B. Yeo; Akimasa Hirata

doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Ilkka Laakso
, Margarethus Marius Paulides
, Sachiko Kodera
, Seungyoung Ahn
, Christopher L. Brace
, Marta Cavagnaro
, Ji Chen
, Zhi De Deng
, Valerio De Santis
, Yinliang Diao
, Lourdes Farrugia
, Mauro Feliziani
, Serena Fiocchi
, Francesco Fioranelli
, Takashi Hikage
, Sergey Makaroff
, Maya Mizuno
, Alexander Opitz
, Emma Pickwell-MacPherson
, Punit Prakash

Dario B. Rodrigues, Kensuke Sasaki, Takuya Sakamoto, Zachary Taylor, Hubregt J. Visser, Desmond T.B. Yeo, Akimasa Hirata

Eindhoven University of Technology
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Nagoya Institute of Technology
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Sapienza University of Rome
University of Houston
National Institutes of Health
University of L'Aquila
South China Agricultural University
University of Malta
CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association
Delft University of Technology
Hokkaido University
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Harvard Medical School
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
University of Minnesota
University of Warwick
George Washington University
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Kyoto University
GE Healthcare

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review Article › peer-review

5 Citations (Scopus)

3 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e. from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.

Original language	English
Number of pages	63
Journal	Physics in Medicine and Biology
Volume	71
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8
Publication status	Published - 13 Feb 2026
MoE publication type	A2 Review article, Literature review, Systematic review

Keywords

brain stimulation
diagnostic applications
dosimetry
implant safety
personalized medicine
thermal therapy

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10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8Licence: CC BY

Roadmap_towards_personalized_approaches_and_safety_considerations_in_non-ionizing_radiationFinal published version, 2.54 MBLicence: CC BY

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Laakso, I., Paulides, M. M., Kodera, S., Ahn, S., Brace, C. L., Cavagnaro, M., Chen, J., Deng, Z. D., De Santis, V., Diao, Y., Farrugia, L., Feliziani, M., Fiocchi, S., Fioranelli, F., Hikage, T., Makaroff, S., Mizuno, M., Opitz, A., Pickwell-MacPherson, E., ... Hirata, A. (2026). Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 71(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

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abstract = "This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e. from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.",

keywords = "brain stimulation, diagnostic applications, dosimetry, implant safety, personalized medicine, thermal therapy",

author = "Ilkka Laakso and Paulides, \{Margarethus Marius\} and Sachiko Kodera and Seungyoung Ahn and Brace, \{Christopher L.\} and Marta Cavagnaro and Ji Chen and Deng, \{Zhi De\} and \{De Santis\}, Valerio and Yinliang Diao and Lourdes Farrugia and Mauro Feliziani and Serena Fiocchi and Francesco Fioranelli and Takashi Hikage and Sergey Makaroff and Maya Mizuno and Alexander Opitz and Emma Pickwell-MacPherson and Punit Prakash and Rodrigues, \{Dario B.\} and Kensuke Sasaki and Takuya Sakamoto and Zachary Taylor and Visser, \{Hubregt J.\} and Yeo, \{Desmond T.B.\} and Akimasa Hirata",

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year = "2026",

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day = "13",

doi = "10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8",

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Laakso, I, Paulides, MM, Kodera, S, Ahn, S, Brace, CL, Cavagnaro, M, Chen, J, Deng, ZD, De Santis, V, Diao, Y, Farrugia, L, Feliziani, M, Fiocchi, S, Fioranelli, F, Hikage, T, Makaroff, S, Mizuno, M, Opitz, A, Pickwell-MacPherson, E, Prakash, P, Rodrigues, DB, Sasaki, K, Sakamoto, T, Taylor, Z, Visser, HJ, Yeo, DTB & Hirata, A 2026, 'Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications', Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 71, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

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AU - Laakso, Ilkka

AU - Paulides, Margarethus Marius

AU - Kodera, Sachiko

AU - Ahn, Seungyoung

AU - Brace, Christopher L.

AU - Cavagnaro, Marta

AU - Chen, Ji

AU - Deng, Zhi De

AU - De Santis, Valerio

AU - Diao, Yinliang

AU - Farrugia, Lourdes

AU - Feliziani, Mauro

AU - Fiocchi, Serena

AU - Fioranelli, Francesco

AU - Hikage, Takashi

AU - Makaroff, Sergey

AU - Mizuno, Maya

AU - Opitz, Alexander

AU - Pickwell-MacPherson, Emma

AU - Prakash, Punit

AU - Rodrigues, Dario B.

AU - Sasaki, Kensuke

AU - Sakamoto, Takuya

AU - Taylor, Zachary

AU - Visser, Hubregt J.

AU - Yeo, Desmond T.B.

AU - Hirata, Akimasa

N1 - Publisher Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution license.

PY - 2026/2/13

Y1 - 2026/2/13

N2 - This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e. from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.

AB - This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e. from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.

KW - brain stimulation

KW - diagnostic applications

KW - dosimetry

KW - implant safety

KW - personalized medicine

KW - thermal therapy

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C2 - 41270373

AN - SCOPUS:105030294665

SN - 0031-9155

VL - 71

JO - Physics in Medicine and Biology

JF - Physics in Medicine and Biology

IS - 3

ER -

Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

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Keywords

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