Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Rongfei Juan; Min Wang; Lanxin Li; Junhe Lian; Yanping Bao

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-356

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Rongfei Juan
, Min Wang^*
, Lanxin Li
, Junhe Lian
, Yanping Bao

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Energy and Mechanical Engineering

University of Science and Technology Beijing
Beijing National Railway Research & Design Institute of Signal & Communication Group Co. Ltd.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

5 Citations (Scopus)

140 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

The spatial distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece is closely related to the fatigue life of gears. In this paper, the size, number, types, and distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece of gear steel used for wind-power generation have been systematically analyzed by the automatic scanning of inclusions, in situ analysis of inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The inclusions distribution model is established and the size of the largest inclusion in the forging piece is predicted. The distribution of the number and size of inclusions exhibits an exponential relationship. The total number of inclusions is lowest at the tooth center area, and macro-inclusions with sizes above 10 μm mainly concentrate in the tooth center, with a maximum size of 101.5 μm. The typical inclusions in forging pieces include 2.85% oxides, 80.95% sulfides and 16.2% composite inclusions of oxides and sulfides. The sulfide preferentially precipitates on the surface of oxide's core in the following order: Al2O3-MgO-CaO > Al2O3 > Al2O3-MgO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 > Al2O3-SiO2. It is helpful to change the brittle oxides into composites of oxides and sulfides to improve the fatigue life of gear steel.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	133-141
Number of pages	9
Journal	ISIJ International
Volume	62
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-356
Publication status	Published - 2022
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

This research is supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy Foundation (No. 41618019) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0300102). The authors express their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to it.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

Fatigue life
Gear steel
Inclusions
Precipitates
Spatial distribution

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10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-356Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

62_ISIJINT-2021-356Final published version, 1.62 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

@article{9aba4b1afea64af8a44317459ce76a02,

title = "Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear",

abstract = "The spatial distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece is closely related to the fatigue life of gears. In this paper, the size, number, types, and distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece of gear steel used for wind-power generation have been systematically analyzed by the automatic scanning of inclusions, in situ analysis of inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The inclusions distribution model is established and the size of the largest inclusion in the forging piece is predicted. The distribution of the number and size of inclusions exhibits an exponential relationship. The total number of inclusions is lowest at the tooth center area, and macro-inclusions with sizes above 10 μm mainly concentrate in the tooth center, with a maximum size of 101.5 μm. The typical inclusions in forging pieces include 2.85\% oxides, 80.95\% sulfides and 16.2\% composite inclusions of oxides and sulfides. The sulfide preferentially precipitates on the surface of oxide's core in the following order: Al2O3-MgO-CaO > Al2O3 > Al2O3-MgO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 > Al2O3-SiO2. It is helpful to change the brittle oxides into composites of oxides and sulfides to improve the fatigue life of gear steel. ",

keywords = "Fatigue life, Gear steel, Inclusions, Precipitates, Spatial distribution",

author = "Rongfei Juan and Min Wang and Lanxin Li and Junhe Lian and Yanping Bao",

note = "Funding Information: This research is supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy Foundation (No. 41618019) and the National Key R\&D Program of China (2016YFB0300102). The authors express their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to it. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.",

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doi = "10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-356",

language = "English",

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AU - Juan, Rongfei

AU - Wang, Min

AU - Li, Lanxin

AU - Lian, Junhe

AU - Bao, Yanping

N1 - Funding Information: This research is supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy Foundation (No. 41618019) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0300102). The authors express their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to it. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - The spatial distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece is closely related to the fatigue life of gears. In this paper, the size, number, types, and distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece of gear steel used for wind-power generation have been systematically analyzed by the automatic scanning of inclusions, in situ analysis of inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The inclusions distribution model is established and the size of the largest inclusion in the forging piece is predicted. The distribution of the number and size of inclusions exhibits an exponential relationship. The total number of inclusions is lowest at the tooth center area, and macro-inclusions with sizes above 10 μm mainly concentrate in the tooth center, with a maximum size of 101.5 μm. The typical inclusions in forging pieces include 2.85% oxides, 80.95% sulfides and 16.2% composite inclusions of oxides and sulfides. The sulfide preferentially precipitates on the surface of oxide's core in the following order: Al2O3-MgO-CaO > Al2O3 > Al2O3-MgO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 > Al2O3-SiO2. It is helpful to change the brittle oxides into composites of oxides and sulfides to improve the fatigue life of gear steel.

AB - The spatial distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece is closely related to the fatigue life of gears. In this paper, the size, number, types, and distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece of gear steel used for wind-power generation have been systematically analyzed by the automatic scanning of inclusions, in situ analysis of inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The inclusions distribution model is established and the size of the largest inclusion in the forging piece is predicted. The distribution of the number and size of inclusions exhibits an exponential relationship. The total number of inclusions is lowest at the tooth center area, and macro-inclusions with sizes above 10 μm mainly concentrate in the tooth center, with a maximum size of 101.5 μm. The typical inclusions in forging pieces include 2.85% oxides, 80.95% sulfides and 16.2% composite inclusions of oxides and sulfides. The sulfide preferentially precipitates on the surface of oxide's core in the following order: Al2O3-MgO-CaO > Al2O3 > Al2O3-MgO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO > Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 > Al2O3-SiO2. It is helpful to change the brittle oxides into composites of oxides and sulfides to improve the fatigue life of gear steel.

KW - Fatigue life

KW - Gear steel

KW - Inclusions

KW - Precipitates

KW - Spatial distribution

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AN - SCOPUS:85124669006

SN - 0915-1559

VL - 62

SP - 133

EP - 141

JO - ISIJ International

JF - ISIJ International

IS - 1

ER -

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

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