Regeneration of sulfur-poisoned Pd-based catalyst for natural gas oxidation

Sulfur deactivation and regeneration behavior of the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been investigated via experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. During the sulfur exposure, PdO crystallites grow slightly while bulk Al₂(SO₄)₃ forms on the support. DFT calculations indicate that SO_x species interact strongly with the catalyst surface making it chemically inactive in agreement with the experimental results. During the regeneration treatment (CH₄ conditions), PdO particles reduce, Al₂(SO₄)₃ is partially removed, and the activity for CH₄ conversion is increased. No full recovery can be observed due to remaining Al₂(SO₄)₃, the formation of encapsulating sulfur species, and the partial reduction of PdO particles. To reoxidize Pd, the catalyst is further regenerated (O₂ conditions). The resulting CH₄ conversion is at the same level than with the regenerated catalyst. Thus, a small amount of Al₂(SO₄)₃ appears to have a stronger effect on the performance than the state of Pd.