TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance of anisole and isobutanol as gasoline bio-blendstocks for spark ignition engines
AU - Wojcieszyk, Michał
AU - Knuutila, Lotta
AU - Kroyan, Yuri
AU - Balsemão, Mário de Pinto
AU - Tripathi, Rupali
AU - Keskivali, Juha
AU - Karvo, Anna
AU - Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka
AU - Blomstedt, Otto
AU - Larmi, Martti
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by Neste Corporation. The authors would like to also acknowledge support from Neste and Fortum Foundation, the branch group Combustion Engines Finland (Teknologiateollisuus), Henry Ford Foundation and the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion (Tekniikan Edistämissäätiö).
Funding Information:
This research was funded by Neste Corporation. The authors would like to also ac-knowledge support from Neste and Fortum Foundation, the branch group Combustion Engines Finland (Teknologiateollisuus), Henry Ford Foundation and the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion (Tekniikan Edist?miss??ti?). The authors would like to thank Arpad Toldy and the ?SI-Developers? team members (Katri Suistio, Julia Myllyviita, Tomi Juselius, and Sen Chen Xin) for their contribution to this work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/8/5
Y1 - 2021/8/5
N2 - Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyz-ing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.
AB - Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyz-ing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.
KW - Anisole
KW - Emissions
KW - Fuel blends
KW - Isobutanol
KW - Renewable gasoline
KW - Spark ignition engine performance
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85112315677&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/su13168729
DO - 10.3390/su13168729
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85112315677
SN - 2071-1050
VL - 13
JO - Sustainability (Switzerland)
JF - Sustainability (Switzerland)
IS - 16
M1 - 8729
ER -