Optimal planning of inverter-based renewable energy sources towards autonomous microgrids accommodating electric vehicle charging stations

Renewable energy sources have recently been integrated into microgrids that are in turn connected to electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. In this regard, the optimal planning of microgrids is challenging with such uncertain generation and stochastic charging/discharging EV models. To achieve such ambitious goals, the best sites and sizes of photovoltaic and wind energy units in microgrids with EV are accurately determined in this work using an optimization technique. This proposed technique considers 1) generation profile uncertainty in photovoltaic and wind energy units as well as the total load demand, 2) photovoltaic and wind generation units' DSTATCOM operation capability, and 3) various branch and node constraints in the microgrid. Most importantly, the possible EV requirements are also taken into account, including initial and predetermined state of charge (SOC) arrangements, arrival and departure hours, and diverse regulated and unregulated charging strategies. A bi-level metaheuristic-based solution is established to address this complex planning model. The outer level and inner-level functions optimize renewable energy sources and EV decision variables. Sub-objectives to be optimized voltage deviations as well as grid power. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced method for planning renewable energy sources and managing EV to effectively achieve autonomous microgrids.