On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm

Xingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Min Chen; Shaolong Chen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso

doi:10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm

Xingbang Wan^*
, Pekka Taskinen^*
, Min Chen
, Shaolong Chen
, Daniel Lindberg
, Ari Jokilaakso

^*Corresponding author for this work

Central South University
Swerim AB
Kumera Oy

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Abstract

The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and p_O2 from 10^−7.0 to 10^−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO₂–N₂ gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of p_O2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	763-776
Journal	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
Volume	57
Issue number	2
Early online date	25 Nov 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6
Publication status	Published - Feb 2026
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Kumera Oy, Finland and Natural Science Foundation of China (XW, Grant No. 52304377). The use of the Academy of Finland’s RawMatTERS Finland Infrastructure (RAMI), housed jointly at Aalto University, GTK, and VTT in Espoo, is greatly acknowledged.

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On_the_Phase_Equilibria_of_Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–Na2O_Al2O3_Slags_and_Metallic_Copper_at_1200C_and_pO2_of_10−7_0–10−4_5_atmFinal published version, 3.59 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Wan, X., Taskinen, P., Chen, M., Chen, S., Lindberg, D., & Jokilaakso, A. (2026). On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 57(2), 763-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

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title = "On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm",

abstract = "The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.",

author = "Xingbang Wan and Pekka Taskinen and Min Chen and Shaolong Chen and Daniel Lindberg and Ari Jokilaakso",

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Wan, X, Taskinen, P, Chen, M, Chen, S, Lindberg, D & Jokilaakso, A 2026, 'On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 763-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. / Wan, Xingbang; Taskinen, Pekka; Chen, Min et al.
In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Vol. 57, No. 2, 02.2026, p. 763-776.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

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AU - Wan, Xingbang

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AU - Chen, Shaolong

AU - Lindberg, Daniel

AU - Jokilaakso, Ari

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N2 - The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

AB - The equilibrium phase relations between metallic copper and silica-saturated FeO–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) slags were investigated at 1200 °C and pO2 from 10−7.0 to 10−4.5 atm. An advanced experimental technique was employed, involving high-temperature isothermal equilibration in controlled CO–CO2–N2 gas atmospheres, followed by quenching in ice-water mixtures. Quantitative measurements of the equilibrated phase compositions were conducted using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The equilibrium compositions of metal and slag were displayed as a function of pO2, and the copper solubilities in three different slags were compared and discussed in the context of fire refining. The experimental results were compared with data from the literature as well as thermodynamic databases of MTDATA and FactSage thermodynamic software. This study enhances the understanding of slag chemistry in copper anode furnace refining, contributing to the optimization of industrial fire refining operations.

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JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science

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Wan X, Taskinen P, Chen M, Chen S, Lindberg D, Jokilaakso A. On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2026 Feb;57(2):763-776. Epub 2025 Nov 25. doi: 10.1007/s11663-025-03880-6

On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm

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On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO2–(Na2O, Al2O3) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and pO2 of 10−7.0–10−4.5 atm

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On the Phase Equilibria of Fe–O–CaO–SiO₂–(Na₂O, Al₂O₃) Slags and Metallic Copper at 1200 °C and p_O2 of 10^−7.0–10^−4.5 atm