Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver

Haseeb Ali; Ville Vuorinen; Aleksi Rintanen

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331

Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver

Haseeb Ali^*
, Ville Vuorinen^*
, Aleksi Rintanen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

19 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H ₂ jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 ≤ NPR ≤ 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to ≈10D earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H ₂, CH ₄, and N ₂ jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H ₂ at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H ₂ jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity (ω _zD/U ₁) values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H ₂ jet is observed to be ≈4 times lower compared to representative CH ₄ and N ₂ jets. (5) For H ₂, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of St≈0.063−0.078.

Original language	English
Article number	151331
Number of pages	17
Journal	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume	182
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331
Publication status	Published - 27 Oct 2025
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

Hydrogen injection
Low dissipative solver
Mach disk oscillation
OpenFOAM®
Shock sensor
Under-expanded CH4 jet
Under-expanded H2 jets
Under-expanded N2 jet
hydrogen jet dynamics
Under-expanded CH jet
H injection
Under-expanded H jet
Under-expanded N jet

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10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331Licence: CC BY

1-s2.0-S0360319925043332-mainFinal published version, 4.63 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{ec539d8978c54f70bb9ba7d1014092c7,

title = "Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver",

abstract = "Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H 2 jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 ≤ NPR ≤ 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to ≈10D earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H 2, CH 4, and N 2 jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H 2 at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H 2 jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity (ω zD/U 1) values for G{\"o}rtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H 2 jet is observed to be ≈4 times lower compared to representative CH 4 and N 2 jets. (5) For H 2, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of St≈0.063−0.078.",

keywords = "Hydrogen injection, Low dissipative solver, Mach disk oscillation, OpenFOAM{\textregistered}, Shock sensor, Under-expanded CH4 jet, Under-expanded H2 jets, Under-expanded N2 jet, hydrogen jet dynamics, Under-expanded CH jet, H injection, Under-expanded H jet, Under-expanded N jet",

author = "Haseeb Ali and Ville Vuorinen and Aleksi Rintanen",

year = "2025",

month = oct,

day = "27",

doi = "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331",

language = "English",

volume = "182",

journal = "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy",

issn = "0360-3199",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver

AU - Ali, Haseeb

AU - Vuorinen, Ville

AU - Rintanen, Aleksi

PY - 2025/10/27

Y1 - 2025/10/27

N2 - Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H 2 jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 ≤ NPR ≤ 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to ≈10D earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H 2, CH 4, and N 2 jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H 2 at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H 2 jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity (ω zD/U 1) values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H 2 jet is observed to be ≈4 times lower compared to representative CH 4 and N 2 jets. (5) For H 2, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of St≈0.063−0.078.

AB - Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H 2 jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 ≤ NPR ≤ 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to ≈10D earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H 2, CH 4, and N 2 jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H 2 at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H 2 jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity (ω zD/U 1) values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H 2 jet is observed to be ≈4 times lower compared to representative CH 4 and N 2 jets. (5) For H 2, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of St≈0.063−0.078.

KW - Hydrogen injection

KW - Low dissipative solver

KW - Mach disk oscillation

KW - OpenFOAM®

KW - Shock sensor

KW - Under-expanded CH4 jet

KW - Under-expanded H2 jets

KW - Under-expanded N2 jet

KW - hydrogen jet dynamics

KW - Under-expanded CH jet

KW - H injection

KW - Under-expanded H jet

KW - Under-expanded N jet

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017667611

U2 - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331

DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331

M3 - Article

SN - 0360-3199

VL - 182

JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

M1 - 151331

ER -

Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver

Abstract

UN SDGs

Keywords

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AINA: Ammonia energy conversion and social acceptance

HENNES: Hydrogen combustion simulation tools and experiments

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Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver

Abstract

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

AINA: Ammonia energy conversion and social acceptance

HENNES: Hydrogen combustion simulation tools and experiments

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Science-IT

Cite this