Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material

Yuta Murai; Masaomi Tanaka; Miho Kawabata; Kenta Taguchi; Rishabh Singh Teja; Tatsuya Nakaoka; Keiichi Maeda; Koji S. Kawabata; Takashi Nagao; Takashi J. Moriya; D. K. Sahu; G. C. Anupama; Nozomu Tominaga; Tomoki Morokuma; Ryo Imazawa; Satoko Inutsuka; Keisuke Isogai; Toshihiro Kasuga; Naoto Kobayashi; Sohei Kondo; Hiroyuki Maehara; Yuki Mori; Yuu Niino; Mao Ogawa; Ryou Ohsawa; Shin Ichiro Okumura; Sei Saito; Shigeyuki Sako; Hidenori Takahashi; Kohki Uno; Masayuki Yamanaka

doi:10.1093/mnras/stae170

Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material

Yuta Murai^*
, Masaomi Tanaka^*
, Miho Kawabata
, Kenta Taguchi
, Rishabh Singh Teja
, Tatsuya Nakaoka
, Keiichi Maeda
, Koji S. Kawabata
, Takashi Nagao
, Takashi J. Moriya
, D. K. Sahu
, G. C. Anupama
, Nozomu Tominaga
, Tomoki Morokuma
, Ryo Imazawa
, Satoko Inutsuka
, Keisuke Isogai
, Toshihiro Kasuga
, Naoto Kobayashi
, Sohei Kondo

Hiroyuki Maehara, Yuki Mori, Yuu Niino, Mao Ogawa, Ryou Ohsawa, Shin Ichiro Okumura, Sei Saito, Shigeyuki Sako, Hidenori Takahashi, Kohki Uno, Masayuki Yamanaka

^*Corresponding author for this work

Tohoku University
University of Hyogo
Kyoto University
Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Pondicherry University
Hiroshima University
University of Turku
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Monash University Australia
Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Chiba Institute of Technology
University of Tokyo
Kagoshima University
Konan University
Japan Spaceguard Association

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Scientific › peer-review

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Abstract

We present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type IIP supernova (SN) 2021gmj from 1 to 386 d after the explosion. The peak absolute V-band magnitude of SN 2021gmj is −15.5 mag, which is fainter than that of normal Type IIP SNe. The spectral evolution of SN 2021gmj resembles that of other sub-luminous SNe: The optical spectra show narrow P-Cygni profiles, indicating a low expansion velocity. We estimate the progenitor mass to be about 12 M_⊙ from the nebular spectrum and the ⁵⁶Ni mass to be about 0.02 M_⊙ from the bolometric light curve. We also derive the explosion energy to be about 3 × 10⁵⁰ erg by comparing numerical light-curve models with the observed light curves. Polarization in the plateau phase is not very large, suggesting nearly spherical outer envelope. The early photometric observations capture the rapid rise of the light curve, which is likely due to the interaction with a circumstellar material (CSM). The broad emission feature formed by highly ionized lines on top of a blue continuum in the earliest spectrum gives further indication of the CSM at the vicinity of the progenitor. Our work suggests that a relatively low-mass progenitor of an intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN can also experience an enhanced mass-loss just before the explosion, as suggested for normal Type IIP SNe.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	4209-4227
Number of pages	19
Journal	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume	528
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae170
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2024
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Funding

We extend our thanks to Anders Jerkstrand for providing theoretical models. The data from the Seimei and Kanata telescopes were taken under the KASTOR (Kanata And Seimei Transient Observation Regime) project (Seimei program IDs: 21A-N-CT02, 21A-K-0001, 21A-K-0002, 21A-O-0004, 21B-N-CT09, 21B-K-0004, 22A-N-CT09, 22A-K-004). The Seimei telescope at the Okayama Observatory is jointly operated by Kyoto University and the Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), with assistance provided by the Optical and Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program. The authors thank the TriCCS developer team (which has been supported by the JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos. JP18H05223, JP20H00174, and JP20H04736, and by NAOJ Joint Development Research). This work is partly based on observations made under program IDs P63-016 and P65-005 with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. We thank the staff of IAO, Hanle, and CREST, Hosakote that made HCT observations possible. The facilities at IAO and CREST are operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore. DKS acknowledges the support provided by DST-JSPS under grant number DST/INT/JSPS/P 363/2022. This research is partially supported by the Optical and Infrared Synergetic Telescopes for Education and Research program funded by the MEXT of Japan. The authors acknowledge the support by JSPS KAKENHI grant JP21H04997, JP23H00127, JP23H04894 (MT), JP20H00174 (KM), and by the JSPS Open Partnership Bilateral Joint Research Project between Japan and Finland JPJSBP120229923 (KM).

Keywords

supernovae: general – supernovae: individual: SN 2021gmj

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10.1093/mnras/stae170Licence: CC BY

Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj - a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material Final published version, 4.93 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Murai, Y., Tanaka, M., Kawabata, M., Taguchi, K., Teja, R. S., Nakaoka, T., Maeda, K., Kawabata, K. S., Nagao, T., Moriya, T. J., Sahu, D. K., Anupama, G. C., Tominaga, N., Morokuma, T., Imazawa, R., Inutsuka, S., Isogai, K., Kasuga, T., Kobayashi, N., ... Yamanaka, M. (2024). Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 528(3), 4209-4227. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae170

@article{c53debb7548f4057b73e414650f4bab6,

title = "Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material",

abstract = "We present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type IIP supernova (SN) 2021gmj from 1 to 386 d after the explosion. The peak absolute V-band magnitude of SN 2021gmj is −15.5 mag, which is fainter than that of normal Type IIP SNe. The spectral evolution of SN 2021gmj resembles that of other sub-luminous SNe: The optical spectra show narrow P-Cygni profiles, indicating a low expansion velocity. We estimate the progenitor mass to be about 12 M⊙ from the nebular spectrum and the 56Ni mass to be about 0.02 M⊙ from the bolometric light curve. We also derive the explosion energy to be about 3 × 1050 erg by comparing numerical light-curve models with the observed light curves. Polarization in the plateau phase is not very large, suggesting nearly spherical outer envelope. The early photometric observations capture the rapid rise of the light curve, which is likely due to the interaction with a circumstellar material (CSM). The broad emission feature formed by highly ionized lines on top of a blue continuum in the earliest spectrum gives further indication of the CSM at the vicinity of the progenitor. Our work suggests that a relatively low-mass progenitor of an intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN can also experience an enhanced mass-loss just before the explosion, as suggested for normal Type IIP SNe.",

keywords = "supernovae: general – supernovae: individual: SN 2021gmj",

author = "Yuta Murai and Masaomi Tanaka and Miho Kawabata and Kenta Taguchi and Teja, \{Rishabh Singh\} and Tatsuya Nakaoka and Keiichi Maeda and Kawabata, \{Koji S.\} and Takashi Nagao and Moriya, \{Takashi J.\} and Sahu, \{D. K.\} and Anupama, \{G. C.\} and Nozomu Tominaga and Tomoki Morokuma and Ryo Imazawa and Satoko Inutsuka and Keisuke Isogai and Toshihiro Kasuga and Naoto Kobayashi and Sohei Kondo and Hiroyuki Maehara and Yuki Mori and Yuu Niino and Mao Ogawa and Ryou Ohsawa and Okumura, \{Shin Ichiro\} and Sei Saito and Shigeyuki Sako and Hidenori Takahashi and Kohki Uno and Masayuki Yamanaka",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.",

year = "2024",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1093/mnras/stae170",

language = "English",

volume = "528",

pages = "4209--4227",

journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",

issn = "0035-8711",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

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Murai, Y, Tanaka, M, Kawabata, M, Taguchi, K, Teja, RS, Nakaoka, T, Maeda, K, Kawabata, KS, Nagao, T, Moriya, TJ, Sahu, DK, Anupama, GC, Tominaga, N, Morokuma, T, Imazawa, R, Inutsuka, S, Isogai, K, Kasuga, T, Kobayashi, N, Kondo, S, Maehara, H, Mori, Y, Niino, Y, Ogawa, M, Ohsawa, R, Okumura, SI, Saito, S, Sako, S, Takahashi, H, Uno, K & Yamanaka, M 2024, 'Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 528, no. 3, pp. 4209-4227. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae170

TY - JOUR

T1 - Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material

AU - Murai, Yuta

AU - Tanaka, Masaomi

AU - Kawabata, Miho

AU - Taguchi, Kenta

AU - Teja, Rishabh Singh

AU - Nakaoka, Tatsuya

AU - Maeda, Keiichi

AU - Kawabata, Koji S.

AU - Nagao, Takashi

AU - Moriya, Takashi J.

AU - Sahu, D. K.

AU - Anupama, G. C.

AU - Tominaga, Nozomu

AU - Morokuma, Tomoki

AU - Imazawa, Ryo

AU - Inutsuka, Satoko

AU - Isogai, Keisuke

AU - Kasuga, Toshihiro

AU - Kobayashi, Naoto

AU - Kondo, Sohei

AU - Maehara, Hiroyuki

AU - Mori, Yuki

AU - Niino, Yuu

AU - Ogawa, Mao

AU - Ohsawa, Ryou

AU - Okumura, Shin Ichiro

AU - Saito, Sei

AU - Sako, Shigeyuki

AU - Takahashi, Hidenori

AU - Uno, Kohki

AU - Yamanaka, Masayuki

PY - 2024/3/1

Y1 - 2024/3/1

N2 - We present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type IIP supernova (SN) 2021gmj from 1 to 386 d after the explosion. The peak absolute V-band magnitude of SN 2021gmj is −15.5 mag, which is fainter than that of normal Type IIP SNe. The spectral evolution of SN 2021gmj resembles that of other sub-luminous SNe: The optical spectra show narrow P-Cygni profiles, indicating a low expansion velocity. We estimate the progenitor mass to be about 12 M⊙ from the nebular spectrum and the 56Ni mass to be about 0.02 M⊙ from the bolometric light curve. We also derive the explosion energy to be about 3 × 1050 erg by comparing numerical light-curve models with the observed light curves. Polarization in the plateau phase is not very large, suggesting nearly spherical outer envelope. The early photometric observations capture the rapid rise of the light curve, which is likely due to the interaction with a circumstellar material (CSM). The broad emission feature formed by highly ionized lines on top of a blue continuum in the earliest spectrum gives further indication of the CSM at the vicinity of the progenitor. Our work suggests that a relatively low-mass progenitor of an intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN can also experience an enhanced mass-loss just before the explosion, as suggested for normal Type IIP SNe.

AB - We present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type IIP supernova (SN) 2021gmj from 1 to 386 d after the explosion. The peak absolute V-band magnitude of SN 2021gmj is −15.5 mag, which is fainter than that of normal Type IIP SNe. The spectral evolution of SN 2021gmj resembles that of other sub-luminous SNe: The optical spectra show narrow P-Cygni profiles, indicating a low expansion velocity. We estimate the progenitor mass to be about 12 M⊙ from the nebular spectrum and the 56Ni mass to be about 0.02 M⊙ from the bolometric light curve. We also derive the explosion energy to be about 3 × 1050 erg by comparing numerical light-curve models with the observed light curves. Polarization in the plateau phase is not very large, suggesting nearly spherical outer envelope. The early photometric observations capture the rapid rise of the light curve, which is likely due to the interaction with a circumstellar material (CSM). The broad emission feature formed by highly ionized lines on top of a blue continuum in the earliest spectrum gives further indication of the CSM at the vicinity of the progenitor. Our work suggests that a relatively low-mass progenitor of an intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN can also experience an enhanced mass-loss just before the explosion, as suggested for normal Type IIP SNe.

KW - supernovae: general – supernovae: individual: SN 2021gmj

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85184839335

U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stae170

DO - 10.1093/mnras/stae170

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85184839335

SN - 0035-8711

VL - 528

SP - 4209

EP - 4227

JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

IS - 3

ER -

Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material

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Intermediate-luminosity Type IIP SN 2021gmj : a low-energy explosion with signatures of circumstellar material

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