Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study

Samaneh Teimouri; Johannes Herman Potgieter; Caren Billing; Jeanet Conradie; Mari Lundstrom; Benjamin P. Wilson

Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study

Samaneh Teimouri
, Johannes Herman Potgieter
, Caren Billing
, Jeanet Conradie
, Mari Lundstrom
, Benjamin P. Wilson

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Manchester Metropolitan University
University of the Free State

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Abstract

Due to their remarkable properties, indium (In) and gallium (Ga) have been used extensively over the last two decades in the production of new electronic devices and semiconductors.Yet natural resources of these critical metals are scarce, and even more so due to the ever increasing need driven by the requirement for green technologies. It is therefore essential to recover elements like In and Ga from waste materials to meet the growth in demand. Consequently, this research studies the extraction of In and Ga using an ionic liquid solution as solvent. The investigation utilized both experimental and theoretical approaches, with In and Ga spiked EAF dust used to simulate a realistic waste matrix. Ionic liquids are emerging solvents, and EAF dust is an industrial waste containing several metals such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). For the experimental part, two ionic liquids namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim+HSO/] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazo-lium chloride [Bmim+c1-] were mixed with three oxidants iron(l11) sulfate (Fez(SO₄)₃), potassium permanganate (KMn0₄), and hydrogen peroxide (Hpz) to determine the best ionic liquid and oxidant combination. For the theoretical study, density functional theory (OFT) was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy (~G) and the stability of each possible complex that can form with each of the studied ionic liquid media. To this end, three imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([Bmim+HS0₄-], [Bmim+c1-], [Bmim+N0₃-]) which have similar anionic parts as sulfate [SOt], chloride [Cl-], and nitrate [N0₃-] with the most commonly used acids as sulfuric acid (H₂S0₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HN0₃) were selected for OFT calculations.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	169-176
Number of pages	8
Journal	World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL
Volume	76
Issue number	3
Publication status	Published - 2023
MoE publication type	D1 Article in a trade journal

Funding

The Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947) for processing time. Appreciation to Alhadji Malloum for his guidance in DPT modelling. A special thanks to Aalto university, Finland and the Hydrometallurgical group, for financially supporting the experimental part. This research was financially supported by Tocanem Project (project number, 2118451) and made use of the RawMatTERs Finland Infrastructure (RAMI) atAalto University, which is funded by the Academy of Finland. The DPT modelling was done through Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947).

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production

Keywords

based ionic liquids
Density functional theory (DFT)
Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust
Imidazolium
Indium and gallium
[Bmim+c1-]
[Bmim+HS0-]
[Bmim+N0-]

Cite this

@article{55d9ee89337243aea99e51d3d3c23e5a,

title = "Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study",

abstract = "Due to their remarkable properties, indium (In) and gallium (Ga) have been used extensively over the last two decades in the production of new electronic devices and semiconductors.Yet natural resources of these critical metals are scarce, and even more so due to the ever increasing need driven by the requirement for green technologies. It is therefore essential to recover elements like In and Ga from waste materials to meet the growth in demand. Consequently, this research studies the extraction of In and Ga using an ionic liquid solution as solvent. The investigation utilized both experimental and theoretical approaches, with In and Ga spiked EAF dust used to simulate a realistic waste matrix. Ionic liquids are emerging solvents, and EAF dust is an industrial waste containing several metals such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). For the experimental part, two ionic liquids namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim+HSO/] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazo-lium chloride [Bmim+c1-] were mixed with three oxidants iron(l11) sulfate (Fez(SO4)3), potassium permanganate (KMn04), and hydrogen peroxide (Hpz) to determine the best ionic liquid and oxidant combination. For the theoretical study, density functional theory (OFT) was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy (\textasciitilde{}G) and the stability of each possible complex that can form with each of the studied ionic liquid media. To this end, three imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([Bmim+HS04-], [Bmim+c1-], [Bmim+N03-]) which have similar anionic parts as sulfate [SOt], chloride [Cl-], and nitrate [N03-] with the most commonly used acids as sulfuric acid (H2S04), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HN03) were selected for OFT calculations.",

keywords = "based ionic liquids, Density functional theory (DFT), Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, Imidazolium, Indium and gallium, [Bmim+c1-], [Bmim+HS0-], [Bmim+N0-]",

author = "Samaneh Teimouri and Potgieter, \{Johannes Herman\} and Caren Billing and Jeanet Conradie and Mari Lundstrom and Wilson, \{Benjamin P.\}",

note = "Funding Information: The Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947) for processing time. Appreciation to Alhadji Malloum for his guidance in DPT modelling. A special thanks to Aalto university, Finland and the Hydrometallurgical group, for financially supporting the experimental part. This research was financially supported by Tocanem Project (project number, 2118451) and made use of the RawMatTERs Finland Infrastructure (RAMI) atAalto University, which is funded by the Academy of Finland. The DPT modelling was done through Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 GDMB Gesellschaft fur Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik e.V.. All rights reserved.",

year = "2023",

language = "English",

volume = "76",

pages = "169--176",

journal = "World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL",

issn = "1613-2394",

publisher = "GDMB Verlag",

number = "3",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study

AU - Teimouri, Samaneh

AU - Potgieter, Johannes Herman

AU - Billing, Caren

AU - Conradie, Jeanet

AU - Lundstrom, Mari

AU - Wilson, Benjamin P.

N1 - Funding Information: The Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947) for processing time. Appreciation to Alhadji Malloum for his guidance in DPT modelling. A special thanks to Aalto university, Finland and the Hydrometallurgical group, for financially supporting the experimental part. This research was financially supported by Tocanem Project (project number, 2118451) and made use of the RawMatTERs Finland Infrastructure (RAMI) atAalto University, which is funded by the Academy of Finland. The DPT modelling was done through Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC) of South Africa (Grant no. CHEM0947). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 GDMB Gesellschaft fur Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik e.V.. All rights reserved.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Due to their remarkable properties, indium (In) and gallium (Ga) have been used extensively over the last two decades in the production of new electronic devices and semiconductors.Yet natural resources of these critical metals are scarce, and even more so due to the ever increasing need driven by the requirement for green technologies. It is therefore essential to recover elements like In and Ga from waste materials to meet the growth in demand. Consequently, this research studies the extraction of In and Ga using an ionic liquid solution as solvent. The investigation utilized both experimental and theoretical approaches, with In and Ga spiked EAF dust used to simulate a realistic waste matrix. Ionic liquids are emerging solvents, and EAF dust is an industrial waste containing several metals such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). For the experimental part, two ionic liquids namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim+HSO/] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazo-lium chloride [Bmim+c1-] were mixed with three oxidants iron(l11) sulfate (Fez(SO4)3), potassium permanganate (KMn04), and hydrogen peroxide (Hpz) to determine the best ionic liquid and oxidant combination. For the theoretical study, density functional theory (OFT) was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy (~G) and the stability of each possible complex that can form with each of the studied ionic liquid media. To this end, three imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([Bmim+HS04-], [Bmim+c1-], [Bmim+N03-]) which have similar anionic parts as sulfate [SOt], chloride [Cl-], and nitrate [N03-] with the most commonly used acids as sulfuric acid (H2S04), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HN03) were selected for OFT calculations.

AB - Due to their remarkable properties, indium (In) and gallium (Ga) have been used extensively over the last two decades in the production of new electronic devices and semiconductors.Yet natural resources of these critical metals are scarce, and even more so due to the ever increasing need driven by the requirement for green technologies. It is therefore essential to recover elements like In and Ga from waste materials to meet the growth in demand. Consequently, this research studies the extraction of In and Ga using an ionic liquid solution as solvent. The investigation utilized both experimental and theoretical approaches, with In and Ga spiked EAF dust used to simulate a realistic waste matrix. Ionic liquids are emerging solvents, and EAF dust is an industrial waste containing several metals such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). For the experimental part, two ionic liquids namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim+HSO/] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazo-lium chloride [Bmim+c1-] were mixed with three oxidants iron(l11) sulfate (Fez(SO4)3), potassium permanganate (KMn04), and hydrogen peroxide (Hpz) to determine the best ionic liquid and oxidant combination. For the theoretical study, density functional theory (OFT) was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy (~G) and the stability of each possible complex that can form with each of the studied ionic liquid media. To this end, three imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([Bmim+HS04-], [Bmim+c1-], [Bmim+N03-]) which have similar anionic parts as sulfate [SOt], chloride [Cl-], and nitrate [N03-] with the most commonly used acids as sulfuric acid (H2S04), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HN03) were selected for OFT calculations.

KW - based ionic liquids

KW - Density functional theory (DFT)

KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust

KW - Imidazolium

KW - Indium and gallium

KW - [Bmim+c1-]

KW - [Bmim+HS0-]

KW - [Bmim+N0-]

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85179487097

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85179487097

SN - 1613-2394

VL - 76

SP - 169

EP - 176

JO - World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL

JF - World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL

IS - 3

ER -

Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Other files and links

Fingerprint

-: TOCANEM, Hydro

Raw Materials Research Infrastructure

Cite this

Indium and Gallium Extraction using Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

-: TOCANEM, Hydro

Equipment

Raw Materials Research Infrastructure

Cite this