Inclusion Engineering

Lauri Holappa; Olle Wijk

doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-096988-6.00008-0

Inclusion Engineering

Lauri Holappa^*
, Olle Wijk

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering

Sandvik AB

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Scientific › peer-review

43 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The aim of inclusion engineering is to generate such inclusions in steel which are beneficial or at least harmless during the process and in the final steel end product. Thus, it means control of the amount, size distribution, and composition as well as properties of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. In this review, the fundamentals of inclusions formation and control are discussed. As examples, production of steels with deformable silicate inclusions, modification of oxides, and sulfides with calcium, and inclusions for grain refinement are introduced. As a practical steelmaking case, the last half-century progress of ball-bearing steel is reviewed. Electro slag remelting is shortly examined as an example of unconventional method for steel refining, inclusion control, and structure improvement. Finally, some future trends and ideas are considered.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Treatise on Process Metallurgy
Publisher	Elsevier
Pages	347-372
Number of pages	26
Volume	3
ISBN (Print)	9780080969886
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096988-6.00008-0
Publication status	Published - 2014
MoE publication type	A3 Book section, Chapters in research books

Keywords

Calcium treatment
Deoxidation
Inclusion control
Inclusion growth and removal
Nonmetallic inclusions
Nucleation
Silicate inclusions
Sulfide inclusions

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10.1016/B978-0-08-096988-6.00008-0

Cite this

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title = "Inclusion Engineering",

abstract = "The aim of inclusion engineering is to generate such inclusions in steel which are beneficial or at least harmless during the process and in the final steel end product. Thus, it means control of the amount, size distribution, and composition as well as properties of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. In this review, the fundamentals of inclusions formation and control are discussed. As examples, production of steels with deformable silicate inclusions, modification of oxides, and sulfides with calcium, and inclusions for grain refinement are introduced. As a practical steelmaking case, the last half-century progress of ball-bearing steel is reviewed. Electro slag remelting is shortly examined as an example of unconventional method for steel refining, inclusion control, and structure improvement. Finally, some future trends and ideas are considered.",

keywords = "Calcium treatment, Deoxidation, Inclusion control, Inclusion growth and removal, Nonmetallic inclusions, Nucleation, Silicate inclusions, Sulfide inclusions",

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T1 - Inclusion Engineering

AU - Holappa, Lauri

AU - Wijk, Olle

PY - 2014

Y1 - 2014

N2 - The aim of inclusion engineering is to generate such inclusions in steel which are beneficial or at least harmless during the process and in the final steel end product. Thus, it means control of the amount, size distribution, and composition as well as properties of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. In this review, the fundamentals of inclusions formation and control are discussed. As examples, production of steels with deformable silicate inclusions, modification of oxides, and sulfides with calcium, and inclusions for grain refinement are introduced. As a practical steelmaking case, the last half-century progress of ball-bearing steel is reviewed. Electro slag remelting is shortly examined as an example of unconventional method for steel refining, inclusion control, and structure improvement. Finally, some future trends and ideas are considered.

AB - The aim of inclusion engineering is to generate such inclusions in steel which are beneficial or at least harmless during the process and in the final steel end product. Thus, it means control of the amount, size distribution, and composition as well as properties of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. In this review, the fundamentals of inclusions formation and control are discussed. As examples, production of steels with deformable silicate inclusions, modification of oxides, and sulfides with calcium, and inclusions for grain refinement are introduced. As a practical steelmaking case, the last half-century progress of ball-bearing steel is reviewed. Electro slag remelting is shortly examined as an example of unconventional method for steel refining, inclusion control, and structure improvement. Finally, some future trends and ideas are considered.

KW - Calcium treatment

KW - Deoxidation

KW - Inclusion control

KW - Inclusion growth and removal

KW - Nonmetallic inclusions

KW - Nucleation

KW - Silicate inclusions

KW - Sulfide inclusions

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84903231429

U2 - 10.1016/B978-0-08-096988-6.00008-0

DO - 10.1016/B978-0-08-096988-6.00008-0

M3 - Chapter

AN - SCOPUS:84903231429

SN - 9780080969886

VL - 3

SP - 347

EP - 372

BT - Treatise on Process Metallurgy

PB - Elsevier

ER -

Inclusion Engineering

Abstract

Keywords

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Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Vol 3: Industrial Processes: Part A Ferrous Process Metallurgy

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