Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays

Albert Salmi; Miloslav Capek; Lukas Jelinek; Anu Lehtovuori; Olli Pekonen; Jussi Rahola; Mikko Honkala; Ville Viikari

doi:10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579

Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays

Albert Salmi, Miloslav Capek, Lukas Jelinek, Anu Lehtovuori, Olli Pekonen, Jussi Rahola, Mikko Honkala, Ville Viikari

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceedings › Scientific › peer-review

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Abstract

This paper compares methods to design sparse grating-lobe-free reactively-loaded antenna arrays using different optimization approaches. Three approaches are based on optimization on a Riemannian manifold, and one utilizes the Optenni Lab software. In addition, we compute the fundamental bounds of the optimization problems using semi-definite relaxation. Demonstrations with a connected patch-diamond antenna array show that the scan loss is minimized when the reactive loads are optimized by maximizing the antenna array's minimum main beam gain within the beam-steering sector.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	EuCAP 2025 - 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation
Publisher	IEEE
Number of pages	5
ISBN (Print)	979-8-3503-6632-7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579
Publication status	Published - 2025
MoE publication type	A4 Conference publication
Event	European Conference on Antennas and Propagation - Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden Duration: 30 Mar 2025 → 4 Apr 2025 Conference number: 19

Conference

Conference	European Conference on Antennas and Propagation
Abbreviated title	EuCAP
Country/Territory	Sweden
City	Stockholm
Period	30/03/2025 → 04/04/2025

Keywords

antenna arrays
fundamental bounds
grating-lobe mitigation
optimization
reactively loaded antennas
sparse antenna arrays

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10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579

Comparison_of_Optimization_Approaches_to_DesignAccepted author manuscript, 5.35 MB

Cite this

@inproceedings{17264c5a76304e5e984d8d5966b91a6c,

title = "Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays",

abstract = "This paper compares methods to design sparse grating-lobe-free reactively-loaded antenna arrays using different optimization approaches. Three approaches are based on optimization on a Riemannian manifold, and one utilizes the Optenni Lab software. In addition, we compute the fundamental bounds of the optimization problems using semi-definite relaxation. Demonstrations with a connected patch-diamond antenna array show that the scan loss is minimized when the reactive loads are optimized by maximizing the antenna array's minimum main beam gain within the beam-steering sector.",

keywords = "antenna arrays, fundamental bounds, grating-lobe mitigation, optimization, reactively loaded antennas, sparse antenna arrays",

author = "Albert Salmi and Miloslav Capek and Lukas Jelinek and Anu Lehtovuori and Olli Pekonen and Jussi Rahola and Mikko Honkala and Ville Viikari",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 European Association on Antennas and Propagation.; European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP ; Conference date: 30-03-2025 Through 04-04-2025",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579",

language = "English",

isbn = "979-8-3503-6632-7",

booktitle = "EuCAP 2025 - 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation",

publisher = "IEEE",

address = "United States",

}

Salmi, A, Capek, M, Jelinek, L, Lehtovuori, A, Pekonen, O, Rahola, J, Honkala, M & Viikari, V 2025, Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays. in EuCAP 2025 - 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation. IEEE, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Stockholm, Sweden, 30/03/2025. https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579

TY - GEN

T1 - Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays

AU - Salmi, Albert

AU - Capek, Miloslav

AU - Jelinek, Lukas

AU - Lehtovuori, Anu

AU - Pekonen, Olli

AU - Rahola, Jussi

AU - Honkala, Mikko

AU - Viikari, Ville

N1 - Conference code: 19

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - This paper compares methods to design sparse grating-lobe-free reactively-loaded antenna arrays using different optimization approaches. Three approaches are based on optimization on a Riemannian manifold, and one utilizes the Optenni Lab software. In addition, we compute the fundamental bounds of the optimization problems using semi-definite relaxation. Demonstrations with a connected patch-diamond antenna array show that the scan loss is minimized when the reactive loads are optimized by maximizing the antenna array's minimum main beam gain within the beam-steering sector.

AB - This paper compares methods to design sparse grating-lobe-free reactively-loaded antenna arrays using different optimization approaches. Three approaches are based on optimization on a Riemannian manifold, and one utilizes the Optenni Lab software. In addition, we compute the fundamental bounds of the optimization problems using semi-definite relaxation. Demonstrations with a connected patch-diamond antenna array show that the scan loss is minimized when the reactive loads are optimized by maximizing the antenna array's minimum main beam gain within the beam-steering sector.

KW - antenna arrays

KW - fundamental bounds

KW - grating-lobe mitigation

KW - optimization

KW - reactively loaded antennas

KW - sparse antenna arrays

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105007514456&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579

DO - 10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999579

M3 - Conference article in proceedings

AN - SCOPUS:105007514456

SN - 979-8-3503-6632-7

BT - EuCAP 2025 - 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation

PB - IEEE

T2 - European Conference on Antennas and Propagation

Y2 - 30 March 2025 through 4 April 2025

ER -

Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays

Abstract

Conference

Keywords

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-: RF Sampo/T40410 Viikari

Aalto Electronics-ICT

Cite this

Comparison of Optimization Approaches to Design Reactively Loaded Antenna Arrays

Abstract

Conference

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

-: RF Sampo/T40410 Viikari

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Aalto Electronics-ICT

Cite this