Beamforming effects on measured mm-wave channel characteristics

Beamforming is an important feature of 60 GHz communications. We present an analysis of the influence of beamforming in indoor ultrawideband radio channels measured in the mm-wave 60 GHz band. The performance of narrowband and wideband direction-based beamformers is investigated in terms of improving channel metrics such as the delay spread, excess delay, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The performance of the direction-based beamformers is compared with dominant eigenmode transmission and statistical beamforming. Our analysis reveals that in line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios, the two direction-based beamformers have a similar performance that approaches the upper bound set by dominant eigenmode transmission. In non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios, the direction-based beamformers show a performance degradation in relation to the upper bound, with the narrowband beamformer worse off than the wideband variant. The array gain in our measured NLOS scenarios is observed to exceed the theoretical upper limit valid for a rich scattering environment. We show that this result follows from the spatial structure of the measured NLOS channels that has only a few strong reflected components. We investigate the influence of array size on beamforming performance; 5x5 planar arrays are observed to improve the channel's delay metrics as well as the larger 7 × 7 planar arrays.