Approaches to enhance the energy performance of a zero-energy building integrated with a commercial-scale hydrogen fueled zero-energy vehicle under Finnish and German conditions

The building and transportation sectors in the EU are progressing towards the zero-energy/emission levels according to the EU 2050 roadmap while the H₂ vehicles have recently started to be commercialized. Based on these backgrounds, this paper focuses on the investigation of a hybrid zero-energy system which consists of a zero-energy building and a H₂ vehicle integrated H₂ system. The focused aspects in this paper are the impact of the ground source heat pump (GSHP), the Finnish and German climate conditions, and the on-site PV and wind turbine capacities and their mix on system performance. The parametric analyses based on these aspects are conducted in the TRNSYS simulation environment. The results show that the use of a GSHP helps realize the net zero-energy balance with less local generation, while improving the overall matching capability with marginal influence on the utilization of the cogenerated heat. Moreover, the Finnish condition has a clear preference on the wind based net zero-energy system, whereas the German condition has a preference on the solar based system. Correspondingly, the optimal mix of PV and wind turbine for the net zero-energy cases occurs when the PV generation percentage reaches 20% and 60% under Finnish and German conditions, respectively.