A Review of Reinforcement Learning Applications to Control of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems

Seppo Sierla*, Heikki Ihasalo, Valeriy Vyatkin

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview Articlepeer-review

32 Citations (Scopus)
235 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Reinforcement learning has emerged as a potentially disruptive technology for control and optimization of HVAC systems. A reinforcement learning agent takes actions, which can be direct HVAC actuator commands or setpoints for control loops in building automation systems. The actions are taken to optimize one or more targets, such as indoor air quality, energy consumption and energy cost. The agent receives feedback from the HVAC systems to quantify how well these targets have been achieved. The feedback is captured by a reward function designed by the developer of the reinforcement learning agent. A few reviews have focused on the reward aspect of reinforcement learning applications for HVAC. However, there is a lack of reviews that assess how the actions of the reinforcement learning agent have been formulated, and how this impacts the possibilities to achieve various optimization targets in single zone or multi-zone buildings. The aim of this review is to identify the action formulations in the literature and to assess how the choice of formulation impacts the level of abstraction at which the HVAC systems are considered. Our methodology involves a search string in the Web of Science database and a list of selection criteria applied to each article in the search results. For each selected article, a three-tier categorization of the selected articles has been performed. Firstly, the applicability of the approach to buildings with one or more zones is considered. Secondly, the articles are categorized by the type of action taken by the agent, such as a binary, discrete or continuous action. Thirdly, the articles are categorized by the aspects of the indoor environment being controlled, namely temperature, humidity or air quality. The main result of the review is this three-tier categorization that reveals the community’s emphasis on specific HVAC applications, as well as the readiness to interface the reinforcement learning solutions to HVAC systems. The article concludes with a discussion of trends in the field as well as challenges that require further research.

Original languageEnglish
Article number3526
Pages (from-to)1-26
Number of pages26
JournalEnergies
Volume15
Issue number10
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 May 2022
MoE publication typeA2 Review article, Literature review, Systematic review

Keywords

  • air conditioning
  • artificial intelligence
  • building energy simulator
  • heating
  • indoor environment
  • machine learning
  • reinforcement learning
  • thermal comfort
  • ventilation

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  • Predictricity

    Sierla, S. (Principal investigator)

    01/04/201931/03/2022

    Project: Business Finland: Other research funding

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