Physics & Astronomy
silicon
88%
wafers
51%
phosphorus
48%
iron
46%
degradation
45%
copper
39%
solar cells
36%
contamination
27%
emitters
25%
boron
24%
precipitates
20%
carrier lifetime
19%
oxygen
17%
impurities
15%
cells
15%
microwaves
13%
soaking
13%
electron beams
13%
life (durability)
12%
decay
11%
radiation counters
11%
defects
10%
plasma etching
10%
characterization
10%
gallium
9%
photovoltages
9%
photoconductivity
9%
minority carriers
9%
interstitials
9%
passivity
8%
indication
8%
causes
8%
scanning
7%
manufacturing
7%
aluminum oxides
7%
cooling
7%
temperature
7%
nickel
7%
etching
7%
electric potential
6%
diffusion length
6%
simulation
6%
electrical resistivity
6%
metals
6%
heat
6%
illumination
6%
temperature dependence
6%
charge carriers
5%
Engineering & Materials Science
Silicon
100%
Degradation
47%
Copper
43%
Boron
34%
Solar cells
31%
Crystalline materials
28%
Contamination
28%
Passivation
25%
Silicon wafers
22%
Carrier lifetime
20%
Phosphorus
19%
Precipitates
19%
Silicon solar cells
19%
Aluminum oxide
17%
Iron
16%
Defects
16%
Temperature
15%
Photoluminescence
15%
Monocrystalline silicon
14%
Germanium
12%
Photodetectors
12%
Hydrogenation
11%
Annealing
11%
Recovery
10%
Hot Temperature
9%
Microwaves
9%
Nickel
8%
Lighting
8%
Impurities
7%
Imaging techniques
7%
Defect density
6%
Carrier concentration
6%
Dissolution
6%
Metals
6%
Optical properties
5%
Chemical Compounds
Gettering
45%
Solar Cell
32%
Surface Recombination
28%
Phosphorus(.)
15%
Dissolution
11%
Diffusion
11%
Photoconductivity
11%
Chemical Passivation
10%
Interstitial
9%
Illumination
9%
Microwave
8%
Metal
8%
Black
8%
Boron Atom
8%
Field Effect
8%
Velocity
7%
Surface
7%
Photoluminescence
7%
Heat
6%
Red
6%
Strength
5%
Simulation
5%
Crucible
5%
Microelectronics
5%
Oxide
5%