Physics & Astronomy
detectors
100%
photodiodes
98%
wavelengths
35%
quantum efficiency
33%
spectroradiometers
24%
linearity
23%
reflectance
23%
characterization
22%
cryostats
22%
quantum cryptography
21%
traps
20%
light sources
20%
liquid nitrogen
19%
curved surfaces
19%
infrared detectors
18%
spectral sensitivity
16%
performance
16%
lasers
16%
photocurrents
15%
dynamic range
15%
reflectors
15%
electromagnetic radiation
13%
silicon
13%
dark current
13%
graphene
13%
light emitting diodes
13%
irradiance
12%
nonlinearity
12%
wafers
12%
fluorescence
12%
insulators
12%
metrology
11%
room temperature
10%
indium gallium arsenides
10%
tunable lasers
10%
photometers
10%
vapors
9%
radiometers
9%
foils
9%
passivity
9%
radiation
8%
sensors
8%
electric potential
8%
simulation
8%
ice
8%
sensitivity
7%
countermeasures
7%
photons
7%
charge carriers
7%
penetration
6%
Engineering & Materials Science
Detectors
80%
Photodiodes
72%
Wavelength
55%
Photoacoustic effect
51%
Fluorescence
37%
Quantum efficiency
30%
Distribution functions
30%
Photodetectors
25%
Quantum cryptography
23%
Silicon
22%
Angular distribution
20%
Graphene
19%
Infrared radiation
17%
Electromagnetic waves
17%
Optical properties
16%
Light emitting diodes
16%
Charge carriers
15%
Uncertainty
14%
Vapors
13%
Radiation
12%
Plasmas
12%
Passivation
11%
Surface measurement
10%
Bias voltage
10%
Calibration
10%
Substrates
9%
Charge density
9%
Aluminum foil
7%
Quantum channel
7%
Polarization
7%
Geometry
7%
Industry
6%
Photocurrents
5%
Light sources
5%
Aluminum oxide
5%
Metal foil
5%
Color
5%
Digital to analog conversion
5%
Chemical vapor deposition
5%
3D printers
5%
Secure communication
5%
Carrier lifetime
5%
Optical losses
5%
Scattering
5%
Industrial applications
5%
Mathematics
Detector
42%
Wavelength
37%
Quantum Efficiency
31%
Quantum Key Distribution
28%
Quantum Cryptography
25%
Insulator
24%
Reflectance
23%
Fluorescence
23%
Photodiode
22%
Reflector
22%
Curved Surface
21%
Trap
20%
Voltage
18%
Responsivity
16%
InGaAs
15%
Measurement Techniques
12%
Distribution System
11%
Characterization
11%
Mm
11%
Penetration
10%
Spectral Efficiency
10%
Polarization
9%
Radiance
8%
Countermeasures
8%
Optical Properties
8%
Secure Communication
8%
Charge
8%
Performance
8%
Uncertainty
8%
Surface Modeling
8%
Quantum Channel
7%
Aluminum
7%
Near Infrared
6%
Manufacturing
6%
Depletion
5%
Insensitivity
5%
Optical Metrology
5%
Non-uniformity
5%
Industry
5%
Attack
5%
Discrepancy
5%